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Circulation and Respiration Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 1 Cardiovascular system: a collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body Heart An organ made mostly of cardiac muscle tissue Left side pumps oxygen rich blood to the body Right side pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs Upper chamber of each side is called an atrium Lower chamber of each side is called a ventricle Valves are between each chamber---like doors that only open one way. Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 1 Blood Vessels: 95000 kilometers of them in you. That is almost 60000 miles. Artery: a blood vessel that carries blood Away from the heart to the body’s organs. The closer to the heart the thicker they are. Capillary: a tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in other tissue. Capillaries CONNECT. Capillaries move toward the surface of the skin as we get hot---they release heat. When cold they move further into our bodies. They are so thin food, oxygen, and water can move in and out of them. Vein: A vessel that carries blood to the heart. Thinner than Arteries. They have valves that prevent blood from flowing back down or away from the heart. Pulmonary circulation: the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins Systemic circulation: the flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 1 Cardiovascular Problems Atherosclerosis: happens when cholesterol builds up inside of blood vessels Hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure Heart attack: happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is damaged Heart failure: happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs Stroke: when a blood vessel in the brain becomes clogged or ruptures Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 2 Blood: the fluid that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body and that is made up of plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Most people have 12 pints of blood = 1 ½ gallons. Can only lose a maximum of two liters. Plasma: the liquid part of blood. 90% of plasma is water. Plasma makes up 55% of blood. Plasma carries dissolved food and waste to and from cells. Red Blood Cells – take oxygen to every cell in your body and picks up CO2. Makes up 44% of blood. They do not have a Nucleus and live for 100-120 days. You make ½ cup of new RBC every day. Section 2 Hemoglobin: an oxygen-carrying protein and when it combine with Oxygen it turns bright red. Without oxygen it is dark red. Platelets: pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow. Only last for 5-10 days. They help to stop bleeding. Produce a protein called fibrin which basically forms a net. White Blood Cells – keep you healthy by destroying pathogens. Some directly kill the pathogens and other release a chemical to identify the pathogen for other white blood cells. Made in bone marrow and have a nucleus. With platelets they make up the final 1% of blood. Red Blood Cell, Platelet, and White Blood Cell Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 2 Blood helps regulate body temperature: capillaries close to the skin Blood pressure: the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries. Four Blood Types A B AB O O and A make up 85% of all people. Blood type refers to the type of chemicals you have on the surface of your red blood cells. These surface chemicals are called antigens. Type A blood has A antigens, B has B antigens, AB has A and B antigens, O has neither. Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 3 Lymphatic system: a collection of organs whose primary function is to collect extracellular fluid and return it to the blood. Can also help fight pathogens. Fluid collected by the lymphatic system is carried by lymph capillaries. Some are dead cells. Lymph: the fluid that is collected by lymphatic vessels and nodes Lymph node: an organ that filters lymph and that is found along the lymphatic vessels. Small and bean shaped. Contain lymphocytes (also called killer t cells) surround and destroy pathogens. Other lymphocytes are called B cells (produce antibodies that attaches to pathogens—serve as markers. Swollen lymph nodes can indicate an infection because of increased number of white blood cells. Lymphocytes are made in bone marrow---help fight pathogens. (type of white blood cell). Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 3 Thymus: the main gland of the lymphatic system; it produces mature T lymphocytes. Immature T cells produced in bone marrow---mature in thymus. Found behind breastbone right above heart. Spleen: the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Stores lymphocytes. About the size of your fist. The spleen produces, monitors, stores, and destroys blood cells. White pulp: helps fight infection Red pulp: removes unwanted materials, like defective red blood cells or old blood cells. Can live without spleen, other organs take over for it. Tonsils: small, rounded masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx and in the passage from the mouth to the pharynx. They trap pathogens that enter the body. Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 4 Respiration: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells and their environment; includes breathing and cellular respiration Respiratory system: a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide Pharynx: the passage from the mouth to the larynx and esophagus Larynx: the area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and produces vocal sounds—voice box. At the end of the pharynx, which is also the beginning of the trachea there is a flap of muscle called the epiglottis. When swallowing the epiglottis moves to cover the larynx. Circulation and Respiration Chapter 9 – Section 4 Trachea: the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs. Also known as the windpipe. About 12 inches long. It has C shaped rings that you can feel. Bronchi: one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea. Lined with mucus that cleans and moistens the air we breath. Bronchioles: Bronchi become smaller and are called bronchioles. Alveoli: any of the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Approximately 300 million per lung. They expand and contract with inhales and exhales. They are surrounded by capillaries. Section 4 Diaphragm: dome shaped muscle beneath the lungs. Separates your chest from the lower half of your body. Contracts---moves down and air enters. Relaxes-----moves up and CO2 exits. Your left lung is smaller than your right---why?