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Chapter 6 Cos. Science
Anatomy and Physiology
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the
human body that can be seen with the naked
eye, and what they are made up of; the
science of the structure of organisms or of
their parts.
WHY STUDY ANATOMY?
• To understand how the human body functions
• To recognize changes from the norm
• To determine a scientific basis for the proper
application of services and products
• To perform professional makeup applications
• To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations,
haircuts, and style designs
• To perform facials
• To perform manipulations of the hands, arms,
shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs
CELLS
Basic Construction of the Cell
Protoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Microtubules
Mitochondria
Cell Reproduction and Division
The reproduction process is known as mitosis
(my-TOH-sis).
• Favorable conditions include:
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adequate food supply.
adequate oxygen supply.
adequate water supply.
elimination of waste.
proper temperature.
Cell Metabolism
• Anabolism (uh-NAB-uh-liz-um) is constructive
metabolism, the process of building up
larger molecules from smaller ones.
• Catabolism (kuh-TAB-uh-liz-um) is the phase of
metabolism that involves the breaking down
of complex compounds within the cells into
smaller ones.
TISSUES
• Connective tissue serves to support, protect, and bind
together other tissues of the body.
• Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) is a protective
covering on body surfaces.
• Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries food, waste
products, and hormones through the body.
• Muscular tissue contracts and moves the various parts of
the body.
• Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the brain and
controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
ORGANS
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Brain —controls the body
Eyes—are the organs of vision
Heart—circulates the blood
Kidneys—excrete water and waste products
Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood
Liver—removes toxic products of digestion
Skin—forms external protective covering of the
body
• Stomach and intestines—digest food
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone Composition
– Connective tissue about one third animal matter
and two thirds mineral matter
B. Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee)
– The science of the anatomy, structure, and
function of the bones
SKELETAL
SYSTEM(continued)
C. Primary Function
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Gives shape and support to body
Protects internal structures and organs
Serves as attachments for muscles
Acts as levers to produce movement
Produces white and red blood cells
Stores minerals
D. Joints
– Movable
– Immovable
SKELETAL
SYSTEM(continued)
E. Parts of the Skull
– Cranium – oval, bony case that protects the brain
– Facial skeleton – 14 bones
F. Bones of the Cranium
– Occipital bone – forms back of the skull
– Parietal bones – forms sides and crown of the cranium
– Frontal bone – forms the forehead
– Temporal bones – forms side of the head in ear region
G.Bones of the Face
– Nasal bones – forms bridge of nose
– Lacrimal bones – front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets)
– Zygomatic or malar bones - cheekbones
– Maxillae – bones of upper jaw
– Mandible – bones of lower jaw
SKELETAL
SYSTEM(continued)
H. Bones of the Neck
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Hyoid bone - U shaped bone that supports tongue
Cervical vertebrae – seven bones in vertebral column
I. Bones of the Chest,
Shoulder, and Back
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Thorax – chest, elastic bony cage that protects
internal organs
Ribs – twelve pair of bones that form the wall of the
thorax
Scapula – large, flat triangular bone of shoulder
Sternum - breastbone
Clavicle – collar bone
SKELETAL
SYSTEM(continued)
Bones of the
Arm and Hand
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Humerus – upper most and largest bone of arm
Ulna – inner and larger bone of forearm
Radius – smaller bone of forearm, same side as thumb
Carpus – wrist, eight small bones
Metacarpus – palm of hand, five bones
Phalanges – 14 bones of the fingers (digits)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A.
B.
C.
D.
Myology
Muscle Quantity—over 600
Muscle Construction
Types of Muscular
Tissue
– Striated
– Nonstriated
– Cardiac
E. Muscle Parts
– Origin
– Insertion
– Belly
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
F. Stimulation of Muscles
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Massage—by hand or electric vibrator
Electric current—high frequency or faradic current
Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays
Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps
Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels
Nerve impulses—through the nervous system
Chemicals—certain acids and salts
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
G. Muscles of the Scalp
– Epicranius (ep-ih-KRAY-nee-us)
– Occipitalis (ahk-SIP-i-tahl-is)
– Frontalis (frun-TAY-lus)
– Aponeurosis (ap-uh-noo-ROH-sus)
H. Muscles of the Ear
– Auricularis superior (aw-rik-yuh-LAIR-is)
– Auricularis anterior
– Auricularis posterior
I. Muscles of Mastication
– Masseter (muh-SEE-tur)
– Temporalis (tem-poh-RAY-lis)
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
J. Muscles of the Neck
– Platysma (plah-TIZ-muh)
– Sternocleidomastoideus (STUR-noh-KLEE-ih-doh-masTOYD-ee-us)
K. Muscles of the Eyebrow
– Orbicularis oculi (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is AHK-yuh-lye)
– Corrugator (KOR-oo-gay-tohr)
L. Muscles of the Nose
– Procerus (proh-SEE-rus)
– Nasal muscles
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
M. Muscles of the Mouth
– Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur)
– Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEERee-or-us)
– Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris)
– Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-eeOR-is)
– Mentalis (men-TAY-lis)
– Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris)
– Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us)
– Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus)
– Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
N. Muscles Attaching Arms to Body
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Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ih-mus DOR-see)
Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is) major and minor
Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us)
Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us)
O. Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms
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Biceps (BY-seps)
Deltoid (DEL-toyd)
Extensors (ik-STEN-surs)
Flexors (FLEK-surs)
Triceps (TRY-seps)
Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr)
Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM(continued)
P. Muscles of the Hand
– Abductors (ab-DUK-turz)
– Adductors (ah-DUK-turz)
– Opponent muscles
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system is responsible for
coordinating the many activities performed
inside and outside the human body.
• Every square inch of the human body is
supplied with fine fibers known as nerves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Neurology is the study of the nervous system and its
disorders.
Divisions of Nervous System
– Central – controls consciousness and many mental
activities, voluntary functions of the 5 senses, and
voluntary muscle action
– Peripheral – carries impulses to and from the central
nervous system
– Autonomic – controls involuntary muscles, regulates the
action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and
heart
Brain
– The largest mass of nerve tissue in the body
– Central power station of the body
– Sends and receives messages through 12 pairs of
cranial nerves
Spinal Cord
– Spinal cord originates in brain
– 31 pairs of spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord to
the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Nerve Cell Structure and Function
– Neuron – nerve cell, composed of cell body and
nucleus
– Dendrites – receive impulses from neuron
– Axon – send impulses away from the cell body to other
neurons, glands, or muscles
– Nerves – nerve fibers held together by connective tissue
through which impulses are transmitted
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Types of Nerves
– Sensory (afferent) nerves – carry impulses from the
sense organs to the brain. Nerve endings are called
receptors and are located near the surface of the skin
– Motor (efferent) nerves – carry impulses from the brain
to the muscles to produce movement
Reflex – automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves
some type of reaction. Reflexes are automatic.
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck
• 5th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal
– chief sensory nerve of the face, and controls chewing. It contains
three branches – Ophthalmic, Mandibular, Maxillary
• 5th cranial nerve affected by massage
– Auriculotemporal – external ear and skin above the temple
– Infraorbital– skin of the lower eyelid, side of nose, upper lip,
mouth
– Infratrochlear nerve – membrane and skin of nose
– Mental nerve - skin of lower lip and chin
– Nasal nerve – point and lower side of nose
– Supraorbital nerve – skin of forehead, scalp, eyebrow, upper eyelid
– Supratrochlear nerve – skin between the eyes and upper side of
nose
– Zygomatic nerve – muscles of the upper part of cheek
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Nerves of Head, Face, and Neck continued
•
7th cranial nerve – chief motor nerve of the face
– Posterior auricular – behind ear at base of skull
– Temporal – muscles of the temple side of forehead, eyebrow,
eyelid, and upper cheek
– Zygomatic – upper part of cheek
– Buccal – muscles of mouth
– Mandibular – muscles of chin and lower lip
– Cervical – side of neck and platysma muscle
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Nerves of Head, Face, and Neck continued
•
11th cranial nerve – back of the head and neck
– Greater occipital – scalp as far up as top of head
– Smaller occipital – scalp and muscles behind ear
– Greater auricular - affects face, ears, neck and parotid gland
– Cervical cutaneous – affects the front and sides of the neck as far
down as the breastbone
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Nerves of Arm and Hand
– Digital (DIJ-ut-tul) – fingers
– Radial (RAY-dee-ul) – thumb side of arm and back of
hand
– Median (MEE-dee-un) – supplies arm and hand
– Ulnar (UL-nur) – little finger side of arm and palm of
hand
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
NERVOUS SYSTEM(continued)
Nerves of lower leg and foot
- Tibial – supplies impulses to the knee, muscle of the calf,
skin of leg, sole, heal, and underside of toes
- Common peroneal – knee to fibula to front of leg
- Deep peroneal or anterior tibial – front of leg behind the
muscles, skin on top of foot and adjacent sides of first
and second toe
- Superficial peroneal or musculotaneous – muscles and skin
of leg, skin of toes and top of foot
- Saphenous – skin of inner leg and foot
- Sural – skin on outer side and back of foot and leg
- Dorsal – skin on top of foot
Circulatory System
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system controls the steady
circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and
blood vessels.
A. Blood vascular system – distributes blood throughout body
– Heart
– Arteries, capillaries, and veins
B. Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur) – acts as an aid to the
blood system
- lymph – clear, yellowish fluid, carries waste and impurities away
from the cell
– Lymphatics (lymph vessels)
– Lymph nodes
C. Heart – bodies pump
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Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-dee-um) – membrane surrounding heart
Resting heart rate is 72-80 beats per minute
Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve
Autonomic nervous system
D. Chambers and Valves of Heart Interior
– Blood flows into the right and left atria (AY-tree-a)
– Then blood flows to the right and left ventricles (VEN-truh-kul)
– Valves – allow blood to flow in one direction
E. Blood Circulation
– Pulmonary circulation – sends blood from heart to lungs to be
purified
– Systemic or general circulation – carries blood from heart
throughout the body and back to the heart
F. Blood Vessels
– Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
to the capillaries
– Capillaries – bring nutrients to the cells and carry away
waste
– Veins – carry waste back to the heart
G. Blood
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Sticky, salty fluid
Temperature 98.6° F (36°C)
Makes up 1/20 of body weight, 8 to10 pints in an adult
Dark red in veins
- Bright red in arteries
H.
Blood Composition
– Red corpuscles (red blood cells) – contain hemoglobin
which is an iron protein that binds to oxygen
– White corpuscles (white blood cells) – destroy disease
causing microorganisms
– Blood platelets – help with blood clotting
– Plasma – fluid part of blood
I. Chief Functions of Blood
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Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells
Carries away carbon dioxide and waste
Helps equalize body temperature
Protects from harmful bacteria and infections
Clots to prevent blood loss
J. Lymph Vascular System
– aids blood system.
– consists of lymph vessels, glands, spaces, and lacteals.
– acts as filtering to help fight infection.
K. Primary Functions:
– Carries nourishment from blood to body cells
– Acts as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins
– Removes waste material from body cells to the blood
– Provides a suitable fluid environment for cells
L. Arteries of Head, Face, and Neck
– Common carotid artery (kuh-RAHT-ud) - main source of
blood to the head, face, and neck
– Internal carotid artery – supplies blood to the brain,
eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear
– External carotid artery – supplies blood to front part of
scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head
M. Facial Artery Branches
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Submental artery (sub-MEN-tul) – chin and lower lip
Inferior labial artery (LAY-bee-ul) – lower lip
Angular artery (ANG-gyoo-lur) – side of nose
Superior labial artery – upper lip and nose
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM(continued)
N. Superficial Temporal Artery Branches
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Frontal artery – forehead and upper eyelids
Parietal artery – side and crown of head
Transverse facial artery – skin and masseter
Middle temporal artery - temples
Anterior auricular artery – front of ear
Occipital artery – skin and muscles of scalp and back of head up to
crown
– Posterior auricular artery – scalp, behind and above ear, skin
behind ear
– Supraorbital artery – upper eyelid and forehead
– Infraorbital artery – muscles of the eye
O. Veins of Head, Face, and Neck
– Internal jugular (JUG-yuh-lur)
– External jugular
P. Arm and Hand
– Ulnar arteries – little finger side
– Radial arteries – thumb side
Arteries to the lower leg and foot
Popliteal artery - divides into 2
1. anterior tibial – supplies foot and
becomes the dorsalis pedis
2. posterior tibial – supplies leg
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is made up of a group of
specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual
activity, and health of the entire body,
A. Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suh-krin)
– produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts.
B. Endocrine or Ductless Glands
– release secretions called hormones directly into the blood.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system or gastrointestinal system is
responsible for changing food into nutrients and
waste.
A. Digestive Enzymes
– change food into a form that can be used by the
body.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is responsible for purifying
the body by eliminating waste matter.
A. Kidneys
– excrete urine.
B. Liver
– discharges bile.
C. Skin
– eliminates perspiration.
D. Large Intestine
– evacuates decomposed and undigested food.
E. Lungs
– exhale carbon dioxide.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system enables breathing and consists of the
lungs and air passages.
A. Lungs
– are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells.
– exchange inhaled air for carbon dioxide during
breathing.
B. Diaphragm
– is muscular wall that separates chest (thorax) from
abdominal region.
– helps control breathing.
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM(continued)
Summary
• Knowing how the body works is essential
for the cosmetology professional.
• An understanding of the anatomy and
physiology of our bodies will help us
become more proficient in performing
professional salon services.