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Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism c. Describe the major religions in SWA; include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Explain the differences between an ethnic group and a religious group. Ethnic Group Religious Group A group of people who A group of people who share cultural ideas and share a belief system in a beliefs that have been a god or gods, with a part of their community specific set of rituals and for generations. The literature. People from characteristics they may different ethnic groups have in common could may share the same include language, religion, though they may religion, history, types of be from very different foods, and a set of cultures. beliefs, or celebrations. Ethnic groups share – language physical features customs traditions Religious groups share common belief systems BUT are not necessarily a single ethnic group. Arabs may be Muslims or Christians. Which concept relates to religion rather than ethnicity? A. Kimba is Ashanti. B. Mustafa follows the Quran. C. Kemal is a nomadic herder. D. Jambo speaks Swahili. Shara is Arab. Why can’t it be assumed that Shara is Muslim? A. All Arabs are not Muslim B. All Arabs are Christian C. Muslims are not Arab D. Christians are not Arab We study different religious faiths in order to understand other people. Many people have strong religious convictions, and it would be impossible to understand them without first understanding their beliefs. People are often mistreated for their beliefs. In the last century as many as six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. Religious conflicts persist in Ireland, the Middle East and in many other parts of the world. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 are likely the result of religious conflicts. By understanding one another, we can hope to develop tolerance and respect for all people These faiths are often called western religions to distinguish them from the eastern religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, etc.) practiced primarily in Asia. Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Do you think there a relationship between personal freedoms and religion? The first monotheistic (one God) religion, Judaism traces its roots back thousands of years. Jews believe there is one God who created and rules the world. This God is omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing) and omnipresent (in all places at all times). God is also just and merciful. The Jewish Holy Book is The Torah The Torah, which means "teaching", is God's revealed instructions to the Jewish People. The Ten Commandments are considered the most important commandments of the Torah. 13 Principles of Judaism 1. God exists. 2. God is one and unique. 3. God is incorporeal.(having no material body or form ) 4. God is eternal. 5. Prayer is to be directed to God alone. 6. The words of the prophets are true. 7. Moses was the greatest prophet, and his prophecies are true. 8. The Torah was given to Moses. 9. There will be no other Torah. 10. God knows the thoughts and deeds of men. 11. God will reward the good and punish the wicked. 12. The Messiah will come. 13. The dead will be resurrected. Judaism is the twelfth most popular religion in the world. It contains about 14 million adherents (followers). The chart shows how they are distributed throughout the world Rank Country 1 Israel United States 3 France 4 Canada 5 United Kingdom 6 Russia 7 Argentina 8 Germany 9 Australia 10 Brazil 11 Ukraine 12 South Africa 13 Hungary 14 Mexico 15 Belgium 2 Jews 5,313,800 5,275,000 491,500 373,500 297,000 228,000 184,500 118,000 103,000 96,500 80,000 72,000 49,700 39,800 31,200 % of World Jewish Population 40.60% 40.30% 3.80% 2.90% 2.30% 1.70% 1.40% 0.90% 0.80% 0.70% 0.60% 0.60% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% The birthplace of The Bible is the Christianity is an Holy Book of Christians. area now known as the Holy Land. It is believed to be the inspired, infallible, and It is located in authoritative written Israel/Palestine in Word of God, penned the city of by man with the leading of the Holy Spirit. Jerusalem. Christians believe that: 1. God created all that is seen and unseen 2. Jesus is the Son of God and is one with God 3. Jesus was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary 4. Jesus suffered and was crucified 5. Jesus died and was buried 6. Jesus rose again (the Resurrection) 7. Jesus ascended into Heaven 8. Jesus will return to judge the living and the dead 9. Anyone can have salvation 10. People who repent their sins will be forgiven Christianity has about 1.9 billion adherents (followers). It is the most popular religion in the world. However, it is difficult to find a Christian in the Middle East and Asia. The chart shows where most Christians live. Rank Nation Number Percent 1 USA 224,457,000 85% 2 Brazil 139,000,000 93% 3 Mexico 86,120,000 99% 4 Russia 80,000,000 60% 5 China 70,000,000 5.7% 6 Germany 67,000,000 83% 7 Philippines 63,470,000 93% 8 United Kingdom 51,060,000 88% 9 Italy 47,690,000 90% 10 France 44,150,000 98% 11 Nigeria 38,180,000 45% The Arabian Peninsula is the birthplace of Islam The word "Islam“ means "Submission to Allah." The Qur'an is the sacred book of the Muslim religion, believed in the Islamic faith to be the word of God, or Allah, as revealed by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad, the last prophet of the Judeo-Christian God. Islamic principles are based on the 1. Shahada (testimony of faith) One is required to say "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." 2. Salat (prayer) Muslims pray toward Mecca five times daily, at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and night. 5 Pillars of Faith 3. Zakat (almsgiving) Charitable giving is a requirement for all Muslims. Almsgiving is incumbent upon the individual Muslim except for in Saudi Arabia, where Zakat is strictly enforced by the rule of Islamic law. 4. Siyam (fasting) fasting during the month of Ramadan. From dawn to dusk for the entire month 5. Hajj (pilgrimage) To go to the holy city of Mecca for the Hajj, or pilgrimage. Every ablebodied Muslim is required if their finances permit - to make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime. Islam has about 1.1 billion adherents (followers). It is the second most popular religion in the world (after Christianity). While Muslims can be found in nearly every country the 10 countries with the largest Muslims populations are shown below. The US ranks 41st with 4 million Muslims. Rank #1 Country Muslim Population Indonesia 213,469,356 #2 Pakistan 156,491,617 #3 India 138,188,726 #4 Bangladesh 127,001,272 #5 Egypt 70,530,237 #6 Turkey 68,963,953 #7 Iran 67,337,681 #8 Nigeria 64,385,994 #9 China 39,189,414 # 10 Ethiopia 34,700,310 There are two sects, Sunni and Shi'a. Islam in the Middle East is predominantly Sunni, with the exception of Iran. Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet's companions, that the new leader should be elected from among those capable of the job. The Shia Muslims believe that following the Prophet Muhammad's death, leadership should have passed directly to his descendents. Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders, choosing instead to follow a line of Imams which they believe have been appointed by the Prophet Muhammad or God Himself. There are two sects, Sunni and Shi'a. Islam in the Middle East is predominantly Sunni, with the exception of Iran. Hinduism is the world's oldest religious tradition (circa 10,000 BC), with a billion followers, making it the world's third largest religion. Hinduism is a mixture of religious, philosophical, and cultural ideas and practices that originated in India. The basic scriptures of Hinduism, are called “the Vedas and the Upanishads”. Basic beliefs of Hinduism Dharma (ethics and duties) Samsara (rebirth) Karma (right action) Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara) Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme Absolute called "Brahman“ (Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, and being ). The most fundamental of Hindu deities is the Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. In addition to many gods and goddesses, Hindus also worship spirits, trees, animals and even planets. Brahma Creator Brahma is self-born (without mother) in the lotus flower which grew from the navel of Vishnu at the beginning of the universe. He is responsible for day and night. Vishnu Preserver Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation. When evil overtakes good in the world, Vishnu will come in human form to set things right again. Shiva Destroyer Ganesha creates the faith to remove all obstacles. Hindu prayers begin by invoking his name. He is the son of Shiva Shiva is responsible for change both in the form of death and destruction and in the positive sense of the shedding of old habits. Shiva lives on Mount Kailas in the Himalayas. Hindu Population in the World World Top Ten Countries With Largest Hindu Populations Country Hindu Population India 755,135,000 Nepal 18,354,000 Bangladesh 15,995,000 Indonesia 7,259,000 Sri Lanka 2,124,000 Pakistan 1,868,000 Malaysia 1,630,000 USA 1,032,000 South Africa 959,000 Myanmar 893,000 The founder of Buddhism in this world is Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born as a royal prince in 624 BC in a place called Lumbini, which was originally in northern India but is now part of Nepal. ‘Shakya’ is the name of the royal family into which he was born, and ‘Muni’ means ‘Able One’. His parents gave him the name Siddhartha and there were many wonderful predictions about his future. In his early years he lived as a prince in his royal palace but when he was 29 years old he retired to the forest where he followed a spiritual life of meditation. After six years he attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, India. The Five Precepts: These are rules to live by. Do not kill. Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not misuse sex. Do not consume alcohol or other drugs The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism: Dukkha: Suffering exists: (Suffering is real and almost universal. Suffering has many causes: loss, sickness, pain, failure) Samudaya: There is a cause for suffering. (It is the desire to have and control things. It can take many forms: craving of sensual pleasures; the desire for fame; the desire to avoid unpleasant sensations, like fear, anger or jealousy.) Nirodha: There is an end to suffering. (Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvana. The mind experiences complete freedom, liberation and non-attachment. It lets go of any desire or craving.) Magga: In order to end suffering, you must follow the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path: Panna: Discernment, wisdom: 1) Right Understanding of the Four Noble Truths 2) Right thinking; following the right path in life Sila: Virtue, morality: 3) Right speech: no lying, criticism, condemning, gossip, harsh language 4) Right conduct by following the Five Precepts 5) Right livelihood; support yourself without harming others Samadhi: Concentration, meditation: 6) Right Effort: promote good thoughts; conquer evil thoughts 7) Right Mindfulness: Become aware of your body, mind and feelings 8) Right Concentration: Meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness After many incarnations, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. Hindus believe that Buddha was the 9th incarnation of Vishnu. Buddhists don’t believe this because they don’t believe in Gods. Buddhist Population in the World While estimates vary between 200-500 million adherents, the generally agreed number of Buddhists is estimated at around 350 million (6% of the world's population). This makes Buddhism the world's fourth largest (in terms of number of adherents) religion. http://www.libreria-mundoarabe.com/Boletines/n%BA59%20Abr.08/map_islamic_world.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://sites.google.com/site/mideastp6geogrphyhistory/_/rsrc/12361 93032773/concentration-of-religions/800pxWorld_Muslim_Population_Map.png&imgrefurl=http://sites.google.com/site/mideastp6geogrphyhistory/concentr ation-ofreligions&usg=___YCcvKn7NEXLWnSDQe1ozjsjaTo=&h=379&w=800&sz=144&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=HFnRbska -wDLM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dchristian%2Bworld%2Bpopulation%2Bmap%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN% 26um%3D1 http://www.strategicdiversitynow.com/images/P3.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Religi on_freedom_map.png/500pxReligion_freedom_map.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:TheGreenEditor/Maps&usg=__yosi7O4 WNzeGz6wCBwKXOl5Fm2U=&h=242&w=500&sz=65&hl=en&start=26&um=1&tbnid=vlPA0pz7tFdXLM:&tbnh=63&tbn w=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djewish%2Bpopulation%2Bmap%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D18%2 6um%3D1 http://www.holidays.net/ramadan/pillars.htm http://hinduism.about.com/od/basics/p/hinduismbasics.htm http://littleganeshas.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/shri-shiva-3.jpg http://karenswhimsy.com/public-domain-images/hindu-gods/images/vishnu-1.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/19000/19071/brahma_19071_lg.gif http://www.sanatansociety.org/index.htm http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism1.htm