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THE CIVIL WAR
American History I - Unit 8B
Ms. Brown
Review
• By the end of the war, 10% of Union troops were ______________.
• black
• In what ways did blacks faced discrimination in the Union army?
• Paid less, poor equipment/clothes, labor assignments, lower ranks
• Industries in the North prospered during the Civil War due to the mass
production of ______________________.
• weapons
• For which reasons did the Confederacy face a food shortage during the Civil
War?
• Loss of slaves
• Union occupation and destruction of land
• Union blockade of trade
• The Union victory at ________________, MS gave the Union control over the
Mississippi River.
• Vicksburg
• Why is the Battle of Gettysburg considered a turning point in the war in favor
of the Union?
• The Confederacy was unable to invade the North, and Union victories increased
8.8 – THE CIVIL WAR ENDS
Confederate Morale Decreased
• By the end of 1863,
Confederate morale had
decreased greatly.
• Big defeats at Vicksburg and
•
•
•
•
Gettysburg
Low on food and supplies for the
troops and civilians
Increasing desertions (runaways)
Lack of unity increased hostility
among states
NC and GA held meetings to
discuss possible separate peace
with Union
Grant and Sherman Seal the Deal for the
Union
• 1864 – Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant
to be the head commander of the Union
army.
• Grant appointed Tecumseh Sherman as
commander of Union armies in Mississippi.
• Grant went to fight Lee in VA.
• Sherman led troops from MS to raid and
destroy GA.
Total War
• Total war – attacking the
enemy’s society
(civilians and
homefront), not just
military forces.
• Grant and Sherman
believed total war
necessary to defeat
Confederacy because…
• Civilians grew food and
made supplies on which
the army relied
• The strength of the
homefront influenced
Confederate morale
• Union aimed to destroy
resources and kill
morale  crumbling of
the Confederacy
“Whatever happens, there will be no
turning back…”
• Union army could afford
to lose men in battle,
Confederacy could not
• Grant vs. Lee in VA
during May - June 1864
• Union lost 60,000
• Confederacy lost 32,000
• Democrats in the North
called Grant a “butcher”
but Grant pushed on
because he told Lincoln
he would not turn back.
Gone with the Wind - Atlanta Burning
“Sherman’s March”
• Nov-Dec 1864 -
Following “total war”
Sherman led forces
through GA, SC, and
NC.
• Burned major and minor
cities in GA and SC, left
complete destruction.
• Spared NC – one of the
last states to succeed
and Union believed the
war would end soon.
As the War Progresses…
Election of 1864
Candidate
LINCOLN
FREMONT
McCLELLAN
Party
National Union
Party
Radical Republicans
Northern Democrats
Beliefs on
War
Continue fighting,
force Confederate
surrender
Harsh punishment for
southern states when
they re-enter Union
Immediate armistice
with Confederacy
POTUS – Lincoln
VP – Andrew
Johnson
Union army
victories and
absentee ballots
from soldiers
helped Lincoln win.
Richmond Falls
• By March 1865, Richmond was surrounded by Union
troops led by Grant and Sherman.
• April 2, 1865 – Jefferson Davis left Richmond and set it on
fire to keep Union troops from getting it
Confederate Surrender
• April 9, 1865 – Grant and Lee met at
Appomattox Court House in VA  Lee
surrendered the Confederate troops to
Grant.
• Lincoln requested that Grant propose
generous surrender terms to Lee.
• Grant let Lee’s troops leave with their
possessions, horses, and food rations.
• Confederate officers were allowed to keep
their weapons
• Civil War officially over… but tensions
between the North and the South will
exist for a long time.
A New Nation: Political Changes
• Increased power of the federal government
• Proved the federal government was stronger that state
governments  no state has tried to secede again
• First national income tax (% of wages given directly to the federal
government)
• First military draft – federal government made men fight for the
country
• Lincoln used his presidential “wartime powers”
• Lincoln suspend habeas corpus and jailed “suspicious” people
without evidence or a trial  heavily criticized for violating
constitutional rights
A New Nation: Economic Changes
• National Bank Act – 1863, laws that chartered new
federal banks and set rules about their operations  tried
to make investing money in the federal government safe
for investors
• Northern economy boomed – industries produced war
goods and railroad supplies, agriculture made possible
with the steel plow
• Southern economy suffered – plantation system
destroyed by loss of slaves and destruction of land
• HUGE economic gap between North and South would last
for decades
A New Nation: Social Changes
• December 6, 1865 – ratification of the 13th Amendment –
officially abolished slavery
• What would be in the future for millions of newly freed people?
• Soldiers returned to civilian life and many experienced
PTSD due to combat.
• American Red Cross – founded 1881 by Clara Barton
organization dedicated to the medical care of the sick or
wounded in wars and natural disasters
Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865
• Lincoln and wife watching play in
Ford’s Theatre in DC  shot in the
head by John Wilkes Booth
• Confederate sympathizer, organized a
conspiracy with the intent of killing Lincoln,
Johnson (VP), and Seward (Sec. of State)
• Lincoln killed, Johnson unharmed, Seward
attacked but survived
• Lincoln died that night  1st POTUS
assassinated
• Booth found and shot on April 26,
1865.
Final Thoughts…
• The Civil War is over, but the pieces of the nation needed
to be put back together. The man responsible for
reassembling the Union has been assassinated, proving
that tensions between the North and South will continue
to exist.
• How will the Union restore the southern states? How
much punishment, if any, is necessary?
• How will the reborn country integrate 4 million newly freed
people into national life?