Download 1 st major battle of the Civil War.

Civil War
The Civil WarApril 12, 1861-April 9, 1865
 THE
BEGINNING
 April 10, 1861, Confederacy
orders surrender of Fort Sumter
(S.C.)
 April 12, Confederate troops fire
on Fort Sumter.
Preparations for War
Both, North and South began training
troops and gathering supplies.
 Number of seceded states rose to 11
by start of war. (MS, FL, AL, GA, LA,
TX, SC, VA, NC, TN, AK)
 MO, KY, MD, and DE all remained in
Union, but allowed slavery (border
states)

Lincoln called for volunteers to only
serve for 90 days. War lasted 1, 458
days.
 By the start of the war, Confederacy
had 112,000 soldiers and union had
187,000.
 By end Confederacy had 850,000 and
union 2.1 million.
 Union: 200,000 black soldiers, and
10,000 Hispanic.

Northern Advantages
Superior RR system
 75% nation’s wealth
 Control of sea
 Industrial capacity
 Access to overseas supplies and
markets
 4 times as many people

Resources
Larger army
 More war ships
 Better banking system (raise money)
 Abraham Lincoln (great and wise
leader)

Southern Advantages
Large territory
 Well trained officers
 Robert E. Lee
 Fighting for independence
 Didn’t need victory, only a draw
 Defensive Strategy

Public opinion in the north was
divided on war.
 Many northerners believed south
would win based on American
Revolution
 Strong support of white population to
war.

Conditions in North
22 million people
 Strong, well trained army
 Manufactured weapons
 RR built to carry heavy loads of
manufactured goods
 Industrial society
 23 northern and western states
 Smooth functioning governments
 Able to get into war quickly

Conditions in South
9 million people (3 1/2 million slaves)
 No strong navy or trained army
 Didn’t manufacture guns or
ammunition.
 RR built to carry light loads of farm
products.

Soldiers
A soldiers Life
•Nicknamed Johnny Reb and Billy
Yank
•Usually under 21
•25,000 were 16 yrs. Old or younger
•Most came from lower economic
group (not slave owners)
•Most were not well trained in
military.
Soldier’s
Clothing
•The Union usually wore Blue
uniforms and the Confederacy wore
Gray.
•Many did not have official uniforms
and many were hand made.
•Some soldiers did not receive
uniforms and therefore only wore
everyday clothing.
Union
Soldier
Confederate
Soldier
Union soldier’s usually ate better than
southern soldiers because they were
able to get supplies easier than the
south (blockades)
Many times the food (especially from the
South) was rotten and would be eaten
at night so soldiers couldn’t see the
worms. Dipped the hard tack in coffee to
kill them.
Many had to depend on food from the
woods or taken from farms.
Some of the weapons included:
Bowie Knife, bayonet, field
cannon, grenades, land mines,
musket, navel mines, navel swivel
cannon, pistol, revolving rifle,
revolver, rockets, Gatling gun.
Hot Air Balloons in the
Military
Ironclad Ships
Gatling Gun
Other firsts:
•Railroad artillery
•Submarine
•“snorkel” breathing device
•Periscope for trench warfare
•Land-Mines
•Field Trenches
•Wire entanglements
•Military telegraph
•Navel torpedoes
•Repeating rifles
•Telescopic sights for rifles
•Long-range rifles
•The Medal of Honor
•Photography of battle
•Negro U.S. Army Officer (Major M.R.
Delany)
•American President assassinated
War Strategies (North)
Blockade Strategy: Obstruct all
Confederate ports and seize the
Mississippi river. Was put into place to
stop south from selling cotton and from
getting supplies. Seizing Mississippi was
to split the Confederacy in half leaving
Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana
stranded. This was the Anaconda Plan.
Capture of Richmond: This plan failed
because Robert E. Lee was able to hold
off Union armies.
Destroy Cities: This plan was very
successful. The plan was to burn and
destroy every city and town so that
civilians would stop supporting the war.
Ex: Sherman’s march through GA.
War Strategies (South)
Wear down the North: South thought
that many casualties would wear the north
down.
Destroy the Blockades: Used ironclads
and subs to sink the Union’s wooden ships.
Also used raiders (fast ships) to get past
blockades.
King Cotton Diplomacy: Stop selling
cotton to England and France and
eventually they would come and help
south win to keep receiving cotton. It
did not work.
Military Draft




By 1862 few people were volunteering to be
in the war and the Confederate government
passed the first military draft- which
required military service.
The Union government did the same in 1863.
Exemptions were given by hiring a substitute,
being employed in a high need job, being ill,
being the sole care for a widow or child
One exemption was known as the 20-slave
exemption for slave owners. Many saw this
as a way out for the rich only.
On Sept. 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation. This
stated that unless the south surrendered
by January 1, 1863, “all slaves in states
and districts in rebellion against the
United States on Jan. 1, 1863 will be
thenceforth free.”
If south had of surrendered, slavery
would not have ended at this point.
Battles
Battle of Bull Run
Bull Run: Also called the battle of
Manassas because it was located at
Manassas, Virginia.
This was the 1st major battle of the
Civil War.
Both sides were not well trained.
Stonewall Jackson (Confederacy)
became famous during this battle.
The Confederacy won, realization war
could be long.
•Antietam: The bloodiest one-day
battle. Fought near Antietam Creek in
Sharpsburg, MD.
•About 6,000 died and 17,000 wounded.
Neither army was defeated.
•Robert E. Lee’s orders were found by a
Union soldier, but George McClellan the
Union General was still not able to defeat
the south. Fired by Lincoln and replaced
with Ambrose Burnside.
Gettysburg: Occurred in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. Robert E. Lee attempted
to break through and head to
Washington D.C. 3 things affected the
battle:
1. Neither side had whole army when
battle began.
2.General J.E.B. Stuart and his cavalry
had gone in another direction.
3.James Longstreet failed to join Lee .
• Largest battle of the Civil War (over
150,000 soldiers) Last major battle on
northern soil.
• 51,000 died. Lincoln gave Gettysburg
Address shortly afterwards on this
battlefield.
Fort Pulaski: On Tybee Island off the
coast of Savannah. First area to see
action in GA. On Jan. 3, 1861
Confederate Troops captured it.
In April 1862, Union took it back, after
the commander refused to give it up. A
day and a half battle took place. 1st use
of rifled cannons in GA. Last fort made of
bricks.
Rifled Cannons
•Chickamauga: Located 7 miles
south of Chattanooga TN.
•Braxton Bragg was the famous
commander for the south. He did not
allow the North to advance into GA.
• Bragg mistakenly did not follow the
Union army and push them further
away from GA. This allowed Sherman
to later advance into GA
Chickamauga Battle Field
General
Joseph E.
Johnston
(South)
General William
Tecumseh
Sherman
(North)
General
John Bell
Hood
(South)
•Sherman’s immediate goal was to capture
Atlanta (transportation center of south)
•The Atlanta Campaign was the name of
the movement to take Atlanta
•Because of the Joseph Johnston’s
resistance forces it took Sherman 4 months
to reach Atlanta.
•Sherman was pushed back at Kennesaw,
but used flanking moves and advanced on.
•Jefferson replaced Johnston with Hood
•After remaining in Atlanta for 2 months,
he began his March to the Sea, cutting
a path sixty miles wide and 300 miles
long, destroying everything in the path.
•On Dec. 24, 1864, Sherman gave
Lincoln a gift of the city of Savannah.
•Now the lower south was cut off from
the rest of the confederacy.
Andersonville (GA)
• Overcrowded Andersonville
prison houses Union POWs
• Poor conditions, gangs,
starvation, disease kills 13,000
at Andersonville. Large civil war
cemetery and museum located
on the site today.
• 30,000 placed in prison met for
less than 10, 000
Andersonville
•On April 9,
1865, General
Lee surrendered
to General Grant
of the Union at
Appomattox
Courthouse in
Virginia.
Terms of Surrender
•All officers and enlisted men in the
Confederate army would be paroled.
•All military equipment and weapons
had to be relinquished to the Union.
General
Ulysses S.
Grant of
the Union
General
Robert E.
Lee of the
Confederacy
Cost of the War
•The war cost the U.S. government about
$2 million per day or about $6 billion total.
•The south spent about $4 billion on the
war effort.
•Around 630,000 soldiers died in the Civil
War
•The south was devastated