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Lincoln’s Union (?)
March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s
Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA,
MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC
Lincoln’s inaugural address: “Physically
speaking, we cannot separate.”
Why?
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl
Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.
Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects
CAUSES:
 Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of Charleston, SC
 Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on
 What was Lincoln’s dilemma??
The War comes to “Mobtown”
 Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time
 Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs and riots
 Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks, Gladiators, Black Snakes,
Blood Tubs and Spartans…
 The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the election year of
1855.
 Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or Douglas.
 Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the way to his
inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.
Trouble Brews…
 Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s handling
of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).
 Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for
volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even
provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for
90 Day volunteer enlistment.
 Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by
mobs in Baltimore.
 Many soldiers are hurt.
 The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing
and stabbing him with knives
 Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the
city.
http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506
“Another Lexington”
or another “Boston Massacre”?
 6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore April 19th.
 An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both
sides of fighting are wounded.

21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured.
 Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the ground –
dies of his wounds.
 Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by the mob.
 Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.
 Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC
THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.
http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01381.jpg
http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01317.jpg
AFTER EFFECTS
 On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police Commissioner
order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.
 Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.
 Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.
 September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders the governor,
mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and
newspapermen arrested.
 Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years,
without trial.
 Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify
Federal Hill.
Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862
Photographed by David Bachrach
MHS Library, Special Collections Department
http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32
“After the riots of
1861, Baltimore
illustrated the
nation’s divided
sympathies. If you
were for the
Confederacy, it was
an occupied city. If
you favored the
Union, General
Butler and his
troops were
protecting the city
from the rebels.
Legend reports
that the fort’s
troops enjoyed
pointing out to
nervous locals that
the cannons were
aimed at the
Washington
Monument, located
in the center of the
city, in case of
insurrection.”
Maryland, My Maryland
 I
The despot's heel is on thy
shore,
 Maryland!
His torch is at thy temple door,
 Maryland!
Avenge the patriotic gore
That flecked the streets of
Baltimore,
And be the battle queen of
yore,
 Maryland! My Maryland!
 VI
Dear Mother! burst the
tyrant's chain,
 Maryland!
Virginia should not call in
vain,
 Maryland!
She meets her sisters on
the plain"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud
refrain
That baffles minions back
again,
 Maryland!
Arise in majesty again,
 Maryland! My Maryland!
http://www.mdhs.org/library/Z24BaltEvents.html
(Z24.432)
Unveiling of Monument
to Confederate Soldiers
and Sailors
Point Lookout, Md. View of Hammond Genl. Hospital
& U.S. genl. depot for prisoners of war
Fort Sumter Flag
Note that there are 33 stars.
Why is that important?
EFFECTS:
Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects
 April 12, 1861: Confederates
bombard Ft. Sumter
 Federal garrison surrenders
after 36 hours
 NORTH:
 unifies and settles in for a
long fight
 volunteers enlist
 blockade begins
 SOUTH:
 Becomes aggressor
 boosts overconfidence
 BORDER STATES:
 First blood drawn by South
- stay with the Union
Whose War? War for What?
 After Sumter: Who goes next?
ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA
 Richmond, VA is capital of Confederacy
•Lincoln calls
for 75,000
volunteers.
•Why such a
small number?
 BORDER STATES:
MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory
 What about West Virginia??
 Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD – Baltimore is site of first
blood spilt in war.
Lincoln’s Cause:
UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY?
Lincoln cannot lose Southern Ohio, Indiana, &
Illinois NOR the Border States!
“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose
the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold
Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against
us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We
would as well consent to separation at once,
including surrender of this capital.”
Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag
Unionists of East Tennessee swearing
by the flag
Like the citizens in western Virginia,
people in eastern Tennessee remained
faithful to the Union. Men like those
shown here swore allegiance to the
United States flag and tried to split the
state in two--one rebel and the other
loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop
to their efforts. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html
Balance of Power
SOUTH
NORTH
 Defensive Strategy
 Offensive Strategy
 Better officers
 Incompetent/Hesitant Officers
 Military Culture
 Urban culture
 Limited transportation
 Extensive ports& transportation
system
 Limited manufacturing
 Limited population (slave
revolution?)
 Extensive Manufacturing
 Immigration/Population booming
WAR STRATEGIES
THE NORTH’S
THE SOUTH’S PLAN
“ANACONDA” PLAN
1.
2.
3.
Naval blockade of Southern
ports
Control the Mississippi and
split Confederacy in two
Capture Richmond, the
Confederate Capital
1.
Fight a defensive war
2.
Secure recognition and
support from Europe
3.
Negotiate an armistice
Scott's Great Snake
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power
by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In
this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the
Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Bull Run (1st Manassas)
& 90 Day War
 Optimism runs high, on
both sides……
 Lincoln calls up militia for
90 days
 Union outnumbers
South….but….
 Why does the South win?
 HINT: Stonewall Jackson
 Humiliating retreat to
DC…..
EFFECTS:
1. South overconfident
 invades MD and PA
2. Lincoln and North begin to
consider emancipation.
3. Lincoln replaces McDowell
and appoints…….
George McClellan commander.
Map: McClellan's Campaign
McClellan's Campaign
The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign
 1861: George B. McClellan given command of
Army of the Potomac
 ***Good organizer and drillmaster – VERY CAUTIOUS
 trained troops well, popular with them
 Spring 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on
Richmond
 Union stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counterattack, the Seven Day’s Battles
HOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE
CHANGED THE WAR?
Map: McClellan's Campaign
McClellan's Campaign
The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Lee takes command of Confederate
forces after Johnson is wounded at
Richmond during the Peninsular
Campaign. Responsible for aggressive
Southern strategy during Seven Days
Battles.
Both General Grant and General Lee
were West Point graduates and had
served in the U.S. Army during the War
with Mexico. Their bloody battles
against each other in 1864 stirred
northern revulsion to the war even as
they brought its end in sight. (National
Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR
CAMPAIGN
 McClellan removed from command
 Hardens North’s resolve
 Move toward total war
 Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation as strategies
(vs. moral decisions)
 Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers, spreading war to the
west and deep south
War in the West
 Ulysses S. Grant surprises all, seizing control
of western rivers with gunboats, securing
Tennessee and Kentucky
 Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West, brings
Grant national attention
 Admiral David G. Farragut captures New
Orleans for North, moves up Mississippi.
 Anaconda Plan is beginning to work!
Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Second Bull Run (2nd Manassas)
 After Richmond defeat McClellan replaced by Gen. Pope as commander of Army of
the Potomac
 Lee moves north toward Washington, DC
 Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862, and is
crushed.
 Lee and Army of Northern Virginia move into MD, hoping to stir rebellion.
 MD stays neutral
 Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland on Sept. 17, 1862
Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862
The War in the East, 1861-1862
Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam.
Antietam, September 17, 1862
 McClellan returned to command
 Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac
 Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division
of forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!
 It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000
(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)
 Is it McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended war?
Antietam
Antietam
In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their
battery. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew
Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the
war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When
Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited
in line to see them. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
THEME: The North effectively brought to
bear its long term advantages of industrial
might and human resources to wage a
devastating total war against the South. The
war helped organize and modernize northern
society, while the South, despite heroic efforts,
was economically and socially crushed.
 Fort Sumter
TERMS
 Anaconda Plan
 Bull Run
 Stonewall Jackson
 George McClellan
 Ulysses S. Grant
 Shiloh
 David F. Farragut
 Robert E. Lee
 Antietam
 A. What were the
North’s and the
South’s strategies to
win the war?
B. What were some of
the reasons that the
war was longer and
deadlier than people
predicted?