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The Spirit of Reform: 1828-1845 Chapter 8 Jacksonian America Section 1 New Era in Politics • Andrew Jackson – People’s President – Diligence, hard working, and innate intelligence – Achievements: Elected to TN state congress before the age of 30, Battle of New Orleans – War of 1812, and invaded and captured Spanish Florida – Spoils System: appointing friends, family, and supporters to government jobs • Jackson felt it was more democratic because it allowed more people to hold government offices Nullification Crisis • South depended heavily on imports from England • 1828, Congress passed a tariff that Southerners called the Tariff of Abominations – SC threatened to secede – leave the Union – SC’s threat troubled VP John C. Calhoun • Nullification – his idea • Robert Haynes – pro-Nullification/Daniel Webster – pro-Union – Jackson: “Our federal Union—it must be preserved” – Calhoun: “The Union—next to liberty is most dear” – Jackson considered nullification an act of treason • He sent warships to Charleston, SC in response Native Americans • Jackson planned to relocate Native Americans to the Great Plains – Indian Removal Act provided money for the relocation of Native Americans – Worcester v. Georgia • “Marshall made his opinion now let him enforce.” • Martin van Buren becomes the 8th president – He sent troops to force the Cherokee out of Georgia & to the West – migration is known as the Trail of Tears, 4000 Native American died on the journey Jackson Battles the National Bank • Jackson believed the National Bank was a monopoly that benefited the wealthy elite • The Bank played a role in keeping the money supply in the U.S. stable – State banks would issue bank notes – could be redeemed for gold or silver • 1832, Jackson reelected & destroyed the bank – May have caused many of the economic problems of the U.S. A New Party Emerges • Whig Party formed in opposition to Jackson & the Democrats • Panic of 1837: – Many banks failed – businesses failed – Thousands of farmers lost their land – Unemployment soared among Eastern factory workers Whigs Democrats Larger federal Limited government federal government Industrial & Distrusted commercial eastern development merchants and business leaders Centralized economy Changing Culture Section 2 New Wave of Immigrants • Many immigrants coming into the U.S. in the early to mid-1800s were Irish & German. – They faced prejudice. – Nativism: hostility towards foreigners – Many political organizations wanted to ban immigrants and Catholics from government offices Literary Renaissance • Romantic movement – originated from Europe • Romanticism advocated (FOUR things): – – – – Feeling over reason Inner spirituality over external rules Individual above society Nature over environment created by humans • American Romantics became known as the Transcendentalists – They urged people to transcend (1) the limits of their minds and (2) let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of the universe American Writers Emerge • Ralph Waldo Emerson – influential transcendentalist – communion with the natural world • Thoreau believed one must fight not to conform • Hawthorne’s novel = Scarlett Letter – Explores the persecution and psychological suffering that results from sin • Emily Dickinson, poet – Simple, personal, deeply, and emotional poetry Utopian Communities • Utopia: “no place;” perfect world/society • Shaker Communities (religious) and Brookhaven are two examples of Utopian experiments in the U.S. during this time period Reforming Society Section 3 The Reform Spirit • New reform spirit brought on by the Second Great Awakening • Dorothea Dix advocated prison reform – Also advocated the creation of mental institutions • Women were very involved in the reform movements-Christian Church basis – Parts of society needing reform: • Excessive drinking, • Prison, • & Education Temperance Movement • Reformers believed no vice caused more crime, disorder, and poverty than alcohol • 1920s – Prohibition • 18th Amendment – Prohibition; 21st Amendment Repeal of Prohibition Educational Reform • Reformers pushed for the idea of public schools funded by the government and open to citizens – Increase in immigrants showed need for public education – Democracy can only survive if populace is educated and informed – Horace Mann – leader of Educational Reform • 50 new HS & doubled teacher pay • MA passed first mandatory attendance • Elizabeth Blackwell – first women to graduated from Medical School Early Women’s Rights Movement • Women held as the conscience of the home & society • Realized the need for political power & right to vote • Fuller believed if men & women treated equal it would be all injustices • Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Seneca Falls – organized women’s movement • 15 states allowed women to retain property after death of husband • Movement picked back up after the Civil War Abolitionist Movement Section 4 Early Opposition to Slavery • Many Americans called for an immediate end to slavery – Abolition was the most controversial issues & divided the U.S. between North & South – eventually leads to the Civil War – Gradualism: end slavery in phases over a long period of time – Colonization: send slaves back to Africa in a colony in Liberia New Abolitionists • Abolitionists argued: (1) enslaved Af Am should be freed immediately & (2) no compensation for slaveholders • Garrison said slavery = sin that U.S. needs to repent for – William Lloyd Garrison – the Liberator – time for moderation is over! Complete emancipation now! • 190,000 Af Am in North – enjoyed freedoms – Frederick Douglass – escaped slave from MD, published the North Star – Sojourner Truth –female abolitionist Response to Abolition • South felt attacked • Northerners disagreed with slavery & opposed extreme abolition because: – Abolition would upset the social structure – Could produce a destructive war – More Af Am in the North – Did not want to see South’s economy fail • Southerners defended slavery –”national benefit” – Dew thought most slaves did not want freedom – Anti-Slavery literature not allowed in the South • Crusade of Abolition reminder of dividing nation