Download Georgia High School Graduation Test Review

Georgia High School Graduation
Test Review
1800-1865
Louisiana Purchase
• Thomas Jefferson wanted to purchase New
Orleans from France to secure trading on the
Mississippi River.
• Napoleon Bonaparte need money so he
offered the entire territory for $15 Million
• Jefferson took the offer because he believed
that it was important for citizens to have
access to land.
• This purchase in 1803 roughly doubled the
size of the United States
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clarke Expedition
• Even before the Louisiana Purchase,
Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis to find a
water route to the Pacific.
• William Clark was chosen to help.
• The Corps of Discovery left St Louis in 1804
and reached the Pacific NW in 1805
• Thought to be lost, the Expedition returned to
St. Louis with a wealth of info about the new
territory and a claim to the Oregon Territory
The War of 1812
• As U.S. settlers headed west they
encountered Native American resistance;
many accused them of being allied with
Britain.
• Britain was also impressing (kidnapping)
American sailors to serve in the British navy
• 1812 – Congress declares war of Britain.
• American hoped to gain new territory from
Britain and Spain
War of 1812
• The British invaded and burned Washington
D.C.
• The U.S. won the Battle of Fort McHenry,
near Baltimore, inspiring Francis Scott Key to
write the Star Spangled Banner.
• The Treaty of Ghent was signed restoring
prewar boundaries- nobody actually winning
anything.
• Battle of New Orleans is won by Andrew
Jackson – after the Peace Treaty is signed.
War of 1812
• The war showed that America could defend
itself and its interests in North America
against foreign powers
• There was a surge of American patriotism
and a stronger sense of national identity.
• Due to its opposition to the war, the Federalist
party lost its credibility and faded from
importance in national politics
The Monroe Doctrine
• With the end of the War of 1812, and
only having ONE political party – the
U.S. entered the Era of Good Feelings
• During this period , President James
Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
• It stated that the U.S. would not tolerate
European intervention in the affairs of
any independent nation in the Americas
Industrial Revolution
• During the late 18th and early 19th
centuries, the western world
experienced the industrial revolution.
• A time when technological advances led
to massive economic changes.
• The use of machines began to
transform manufacturing
Eli Whitney
• 1793, he invented the cotton gin.
• This allowed people to process
harvested cotton much faster and made
the south a “cotton kingdom”
• Because of the success of the cotton
gin, plantations became very dependent
of slave labor
Eli Whitney
• He introduced the idea of
interchangeable parts, which
transformed the economy in the North.
• He used in producing muskets, but it
was adapted to other industries and
became of key principle behind
industrial development- (assembly lines,
and mass production)
Sectionalism
• The Industrial Revolution had an
unforeseen circumstance – sectionalism
• It is the economic, social, cultural, and
political differences that exists between
different parts of the country.
Sectionalism
• South had a plantation economy
dependent on slave labor and cotton
• North was dependent on factories and
immigrant labor
• West became a growing frontier as
technology allowed small landowners
and aspiring plantation masters to move
west.
Manifest Destiny
• People believed that it was God’s will
for the United States to expand and
possess territory all the way to the
Pacific Ocean.
• They viewed it as their sacred duty to
conquer the West
War with Mexico
• 1846, Disputes over the US-Mexican border
led to War.
• American troops marched into Mexico City
and forced Mexico to surrender
• The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 ended
the war
• Treaty gave us California and the area that is
now Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada
Gadsden Purchase
• Territory purchase from Mexico for the
building of the transcontinental railroad
• We paid $10 Million dollars.
• The acquisition of these territories all
but completed the continental
expansion by those who believed in
Manifest Destiny
Gadsden Purchase & Mexican Cession
California
• 1848, Settlers discovered gold just north of
Sacramento, California.
• Gold seekers came from all over the world as
part of the California Gold Rush.
• “49ers” increased the population rapidly
• California bypasses the territory phase and
applies for Statehood.
• Compromise of 1850 allows California to
enter the Union as a “Free” state
Jacksonian Democracy
• A great supporter of Manifest Destiny
was Andrew Jackson; a war hero –
Battle of New Orleans.
• Jackson was a “common man” ; unlike
previous presidents who were born into
priveleged class.
• He represented the frontiersman and
resented the “eastern elites”
Jacksonian Democracy
• Jackson backed “universal suffrage” –
all white men should be able to vote, not
just those who owned property.
• Most states dropped the property
requirement – this made America a
more democratic state
Jacksonian Democracy
• Jackson instituted a policy of rewarding
political supporters with government jobs –
the spoils system.
• This ultimately led to corruption and a call for
reform
• Jackson also favored laissez –faire
economics – government should not interfere
with business
• He also favored a strict interpretation of the
Constitution – federal government given only
the powers listed in the Constitution
Jacksonian Democracy
• Jackson saw the Native Americans as an
obstacle to be removed; under his presidency
the US govt. forced Native Americans off
lands wanted for white settlement.
• Indian Removal Act forced the removal of
civilized Indian Tribes from the Southeastern
U.S.
• The Indian march to Oklahoma became
known as the Trail of Tears because of the
large number who died along the way.
Social Reform Movements
• Education Reform – Horace Mann believed
men and women deserved access to
education and this would insure a successful
democracy
• Temperance Movement – wanted to
moderate the use of alcohol – later advocated
abstinence
• Abolitionist movement – immediate end to
slavery
Women’s Rights Movement
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize
the first women’s rights convention
known as the Seneca Falls Convention.
• She used this 1848 occasion to call for
women’s suffrage
Slavery and State’s Rights
• Southerner’s responded to the political
struggle over slavery by advocating
state’s rights
• State’s rights supporters believed the
federal govt. should restrict itself to
powers stated in the Constitution.
• All other powers are left to the states
(Tenth Amendment)
Abolitionist Movement
• Abolitionist wanted the immediate end
to slavery.
• William Lloyd Garrison, founder of The
Liberator helped to establish the
American Anti-slavery Society
• Frederick Douglas, an African American
abolitionist, played a key role.
John Brown’s Raid
• 1859, a group of abolitionist led by John
Brown attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, VA.
• They hoped to seize weapons for the slaves
could then rise up in armed rebellion.
• Colonel Robert E. Lee forced Brown’s
surrender.
• Brown was executed for treason, but this
intensified southern hatred of the abolitionist
movement.
Missouri Compromise
• 1819, Slave states and free states were equally
divided in the U.S. Senate.
• Missouri applied for statehood which would give
slave states an advantage.
• Compromised was reached when Maine was
accepted as a Free State; Missouri became a slave
state.
• Slavery would not be allowed north of Missouri’s
southern border.
• This plan was designed to maintain the balance of
power in the senate.
The Wilmot Proviso
• The U.S. gained vast territory as a
result of the Mexican War.
• David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot
proviso: this plan banned slavery in
territory gained from the Mexican war.
• Congress voted down the proviso, but it
exposed the serious divisions over
slavery that existed in the country.
Compromise of 1850
• California admitted as a free state
• Unorganized territory would be free
• Utah and New Mexico were allowed
popular sovereignty on the slavery issue
• Fugitive Slave law was passed to
appease southerners.
Kansas – Nebraska Act
• Each territory would be allowed popular
sovereignty on the issue of slavery.
• Repealed the Missouri Compromise
• Pro-slavery and anti-slavery people
moved into Kansas determined to win
the vote of slavery
• Bleeding Kansas rebellion resulted.
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom
because he had been taken to a free territory.
• Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right
to sue because, as a slave, he was not a
citizen.
• It declared that a slave owner could not be
deprived of his “property rights” with due
process of the law.
• It struck down the Missouri Compromise as a
violation of the 5th Amendment
Lincoln and the Election of 1860
• The Republican party had been formed in
1854 based on limiting slavery to the
southern states and not allowing slavery in
the west.
• Abraham Lincoln ran as their candidate in
1860; Southerners felt that he would
dismantle slavery in the South.
• Lincoln Wins the election and South Carolina
responds by seceding from the Union.
Confederate States of America
• After South Carolina seceded, Mississippi,
Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and
Texas followed.
• 1861, Confederate States of America is
created with Jefferson Davis as president.
• Alexander H. Stephens, from Georgia, is
chosen as vice president.
• Civil war begins a few months later when the
South fires upon Fort Sumter in Charleston.
Key Figures of the Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln- U.S. president
• Ulysses S. Grant – commander of western forces and
then the entire Union Army in 1864. He accepted
Lee’s surrender at Appomatox Courthouse
• William T. Sherman – General who captured Atlanta,
helping Lincoln to be reelected; He is most
remembered for his March to the Sea.
• Jefferson Davis – President of Confederacy
• Robert E. Lee- Commander of the Northern Army of
Virginia; brilliant military man but did not have the
resources to win the war; Surrendered to Grant.
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – General under Lee
noted for his use of geography to his advantage; dies
before the war is over.
Battle of Antietam
• Lee invaded the north after the second
Battle of Bull Run; his orders are
discovered by the Union forces
• Lee meet the now prepared Union
forces at Antietam, Maryland
• The bloodiest single day of the war,
halting the Confederate advance.
Emancipation Proclamation
• The victory at Antietam gave Lincoln the
victory he needed to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation.
• This ended slavery in the Confederate states,
but not the border states because Lincoln
needed their loyalty.
• This changed the focus of the Civil War from
preserving the union to ending slavery.
Battle of Chancellorsville
• Known as Lee’s perfect battle for the
great planning and good fortune.
• Lee and Stonewall Jackson defeated
70,000 Union troops with only 40,000
soldiers.
• Stonewall Jackson is accidently shot by
his own troops. He looses his arm and
contracts pneumonia and dies.
Battle of Gettysburg
• A key turning point in the war, the South
does not invade the north and goes on
the defensive.
• A key turning point in the war, the South
does not invade the north and goes on
the defensive.
Vicksburg
• Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last
obstacle to Union control of the
Mississippi River.
• Grant lays siege to the City for two
months
• The town surrenders on July 4, but not
before resorting to eating horses,
mules, dogs and even rats.
Atlanta Campaign
• Sherman began an invasion of Georgia in
1864, because of Atlanta’s importance as a
railroad hub.
• Sherman takes Atlanta and gives Lincoln the
needed support to be reelected President in
1864
• Sherman begins his March to the Sea and
arrives in Savannah on December 22 –
Giving the city to Lincoln for Christmas.
Union Victory
• Grant takes control of Union forces and
begins endless confrontations against the
Lee’s Army – both sides suffered huge
losses, but the South could not sustain such
large numbers of deaths.
• Lee surrenders to Grant at Appamatox
Courthouse April 9, 1865
• Five Days later, Abraham Lincoln is
assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.