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Chapter 11
Liberation:
African Americans
and the Civil War
Confederate States
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
South Carolina (December 20, 1860)[4][5]
Mississippi (January 9, 1861)[6]
Florida (January 10, 1861)[7]
Alabama (January 11, 1861)[8]
Georgia (January 19, 1861)[9]
Louisiana (January 26, 1861)[10]
Texas (February 1, 1861)[11]
Confederate States Con’t
8. Virginia (April 17, 1861; ratified by voters
May 23, 1861)[13]
9. Arkansas (May 6, 1861)[14]
10. Tennessee (May 7, 1861; ratified by voters
June 8, 1861)[15][16]
11. North Carolina (May 20, 1861)[17]
Border States
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Delaware
Maryland
Kentucky
Missouri
West Virginia
Map of a nation divided
I. Lincoln’s Aims
• Preserve the Union
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Everything else secondary
Especially concerned about the border states
Call for 75,000 volunteers
Black volunteers rejected
II. Black Men Volunteer and Are
Rejected
• Fate of Union tied to issue of slavery
• Fate of slavery tied to the outcome of war
Lincoln’s Initial Position
• Reluctant to move against slavery, 1861
– Border state loyalty
– Supported compensated emancipationcolonization
– Wanted to end slavery in border states, April
1862
– Warned border states to accept compensation or
risk getting nothing, July 1862
Lincoln Moves toward
Emancipation
• Victory and Union tied to slavery issue
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“Strike at the heart of the rebellion”
Tells his cabinet, summer 1862
William Seward warns Lincoln to wait
Montgomery Blair feared fall elections
Black People Reject Colonization
• Would not retreat from colonization
– Liberia
– Haiti
– Black people not interested
IV. Preliminary Emancipation
• White southerners ridiculed it
• Many white northerners had little
enthusiasm
– Antiblack riots
– Northern Democrats almost all opposed
• Denounced Lincoln and Republicans
• Most black people felt gratified
V. Emancipation Proclamation
• Limited to areas still in rebellion
• Did not include border states
• Changes war goals
– Preserve the Union
– Make people free
Effects of Proclamation
on the South
• Ended chance of foreign recognition
• Encouraged
– Slaves to flee
– Slaves to resist
VI. Black Men
Fight for the Union
• Emancipation Proclamation
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Authorized black men to enlist
Union defeats and the need for manpower
Thomas Wentworth Higginson
Robert Gould Shaw
Black Men
Fight for the Union (cont.)
• Discrimination and hostility
– Segregated units
• White officers
– Often held racist beliefs
– Lower pay scale
• White privates $13/month
• Black privates $10/month
Violent Opposition to Black
People (cont.)
• Union troops and slaves
– Often treated slaves horribly
• Rapes and assaults were not uncommon
– Others found compassion for enslaved people
• “I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot be
made free,” a Union soldier wrote.
XII. Black People and
the Confederacy
• Confederacy based on defense of slavery
• Benefited from the labors of bonds people
– Toiled in fields
– Worked in factories
– Permitted more white men to serve in military
Black People and
the Confederacy (cont.)
• Confederates enslave free black people
– Davis counter proclamation
• “All free negroes . . . shall be placed on the slave
status and be deemed to be chattels. . . forever.”
• Ordered Confederate armies to capture free black
people in the North and enslave them.
– Robert E. Lee, Pennsylvania 1863
Black Confederates
– Free black people volunteered services
• Show loyalty and gain white acceptance
• Re-enslavement concerns
• Southern leaders generally ignored offers
unless for menial labor
Black Enlistments
• General Patrick Cleburne recommends, early
1864
– President Davis cease and desist order
– Most southerners considered arming slaves
appalling
– Defied southern assumptions
• “If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of
slavery is wrong.”--Howell Cobb
• March 1865 Confederate Congress voted to enlist
300,000
• Receive same pay as white soldiers
• Slaves freed only with consent of owners and state agreed
XIII. Conclusion
• 185,000 black soldiers and sailors served in the
Union military
– Most had been former slaves
– Almost 40,000 died in combat or of disease during
the war
• Abraham Lincoln and the shift in public
attitudes
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White man’s war
Colonization
Enlistment
Appreciation