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United States History & The Constitution Unit 5.2: Reconstruction Ch. 12.1 Notes The Politics of Reconstruction Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War & an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America. USHC-3.3: Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the southern states & on the role of the federal government, including the impact of the thirteenth, fourteenth, & fifteenth amendments on opportunities for African Americans. - Lincoln’s 10% Plan: Ch. 12.1 Notes - Lenient on the South. - Gov’t pardon all Confederates except high-ranking officials & those accused of crimes against prisoners of war = swear allegiance to the Union. - 10% of states eligible voters had to vote to re-enter the Union. - form new state government & get representation in Congress. - Radical Republicans (Goals): - Destroy power of former slaveholders. - Give African-Americans right to vote & citizenship rights. Wade-Davis Bill: - Proposed Congress, not the president, be responsible for Reconstruction. - Proposed a majority, not 10%, of 1860 eligible voters, required to establish a state government. - Lincoln “killed” it with a pocket veto. Radical Republican Leader Thaddeus Stevens (R. – PA) Ch. 12.1 Notes - Pres. Johnson’s Plan (Presidential Reconstruction): - Aim: to punish ex-confederate leaders (military & landowners): - Remaining 7 Confederate states had to: - 1.) Withdrawal secession, 2.) swear allegiance to the Union, 3.) annul Confederate war debts, & 4.) ratify the 13th Amendment. - Failed (like Lincoln’s) to help ex-slaves: land, voting rights, legal protection. - Freedmen’s Bureau Act: - Assisted ex-slaves & poor whites (clothing & food) - Set up 40 hospitals, 4,000 schools, 61 ind. institutes, & 74 teachertraining centers. - Civil Rights Act of 1866: - African-Americans citizenship. - Banned discriminatory “black codes”. - Pres. Johnson vetoed both the Freedmen’s & Civil Rights Acts: Ch. 12.1 Notes - Radical Republicans override Johnson’s veto. - Reconstruction Amendments: - Thirteenth amendment (11.5) - Formally abolished slavery. - Fourteenth Amendment - All persons born/naturalized in the U.S. are citizens. - Entitled to equal protection of the law. - Constitutional basis for Civil Rights Act of 1866. - Fifteenth Amendment - Extension of suffrage rights to African Americans (males). - Reconstruction Act of 1867 (Radical Reconstruction): - 1.) Abolished governments formed in the former Confederate states, 2.) divided those states into 5 military districts, 3.) set up requirements for readmission to the Union Reconstruction Military Districts Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up 2nd Nine Weeks Bell Ringer #6 (5 & 7 Dec) 6.) Despite the passage of the Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, & 15th), why did African Americans experience continued discrimination? a.) Southern governors declared the amendments null & void. b.) Southern state legislatures passed a series of Jim Crow Laws.. c.) State governments were now aware these amendments were ratified. d.) The amendments did not address political rights. CORRECT ANSWER: B Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War & an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America. USHC-3.4: Summarize the end of Reconstruction, including the role of anti– African American factions & competing national interests in undermining support for Reconstruction; the impact of the removal of federal protection for freedmen; & the impact of Jim Crow laws & voter restrictions on African American rights in the post-Reconstruction era. United States History & The Constitution Unit 5.2: Reconstruction Ch. 12.2 & 12.3 Notes Reconstructing Society & The Collapse of Reconstruction Political Terms: - Republicans in the South: a.) Carpetbaggers – northern Republican missionaries, teachers, or entrepreneurs whom had moved to the South following the war. b.) Scalawags – white southerners who did not participate in the Confederacy whom supported the Republicans views on economic growth & public schools. c.) Freedmen – former slaves. - Democrats in the South: a.) Redeemers (redemption): ex- planters/ ex-confederates) who “redeemed” the South by removing the Republicans & returning “home rule”. African Americans in Congress Sen. Hiram Revels, First African American Congressman (Republican – Mississippi) First black Senator & Representatives: Sen. Hiram Revels (R-MS), Rep. Benjamin S. Turner (R-AL), Robert DeLarge (R-SC), Josiah Walls (R-FL), Jefferson Long (R-GA), Joseph Rainey and Robert B. Elliott (R-SC) The Rise of Vigilante Groups The Goals of the Ku Klux Klan, the Riflemen, & the Red Shirts - Intimidate Republican carpetbaggers & freedmen = force them away from the voting polls & southern politics in the hope to go back to the North. - Forced the closing of freedmen’s schools through intimidation & violent tactics. - Lynching, beatings, & cross-burnings were not uncommon means used to achieve the Klan’s objectives. - Federal government passed the Ku Klux Klan Act & sent troops to South to protect the freedmen. (weakly enforced). Freedmen & Reconstruction Freedmen in the Post-War South - Around 2.3 million slaves were freed with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in Dec 1865 (both displaced & liberated). - Most freedmen (former slaves) could not read or write; jobs were scarce. - Thousands left the plantations to start fresh in places like Charleston, & look for former family members. - Hunger, disease, & lack of shelter were problems. - Some chose to remain on the plantations to work for wages Freedmen in Post-Civil War Richmond, VA Freedmen & Reconstruction Creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau: - Set up by federal government in 1865; operated by the US Army. - Provided food, clothing, & medical supplies to needy blacks. - Supervised work contracts & helped freedmen find jobs. - Established schools & military courts, as needed. Freedmen’s Bureau The Freedmen’s Bureau Cont. Failures of the Freedmen’s Bureau: - Over 2 million freed blacks in the South needed help, but resources were very limited. - Working with resentful cash-poor planters proved challenging. - “Forty Acres & a Mule” - The Bureau promised more than it could deliver. “Freedmen’s Bureau” Economic Changes in the South Sharecropping became the dominant job & lifestyle for poor whites & blacks throughout the South. - Allowed former planters to reestablish their former position as master through a new means. - Poor blacks & whites were economically dependent on the land owner = cycle of debt. - Sharecroppers worked the land in exchange for a share of the crop (landowner supplied land, tools & seeds). - Some poor farmers relied on crop liens. Post-Reconstruction Era Sharecropping in the South Exodusters Leaving the South Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877 - Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) v. Samuel Tilden (Dem) - Compromise of 1877: Deal is struck over 20 contested electoral votes. - Democrats cede the election to Hayes, in exchange… …the last federal troops pulled out of the southern states in 1877 & the era of Reconstruction ended (1865-1877) - Power is returned to the Southern Democrats (redeemers). Successes & Failures of Reconstruction Successes - Blacks were allowed to play a role in government politics through the end of Reconstruction. - Public schools established by the Freedmen’s Bureau were open to all. - Thousands of free blacks learned to read & write. Failures - Race relations did not improve. (increased) black/white tensions. - The Ku Klux Klan grew. - Race riots took place across the South. - Government corruption increased during the period. - “Redeemers” (Ex-Confederate Democrats) regained control) Beginnings of “Jim Crow” - 1877: Conservative-Democrats take control of the South. - Moved to disfranchise (take away) the black vote. - Eight Box Law (1881): had to put your vote in the right ballot box. - Poll Taxes: had to pay a tax to vote. - Literacy Tests: had to read part of the SC Constitution out-loud. Poll Tax Receipt “Jim Crow” Cont. - These tactics were designed to stop poor & illiterate blacks & whites from voting. - 1876 = 90,000 people in SC voted Republican. - 1888 = less than 14,000 voted Republican. - Some states made you own land in order to vote (kept away the poor). “Jim Crow” Cont. - Grandfather Clause: If your grandfather could vote before the Civil War, then you could. - Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896): Supreme Court case which established the principle of “separate but equal” facilities for blacks & whites (rarely equal). - All of these actions led to de jure segregation.