Download Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)

Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 1: The Call to Arms
Standard 8.10.2 Trace the boundaries constituting the
North and the South, the geographical differences
between the two regions, and the differences between
agrarians and industrialists.
Standard 8.10.6 Describe critical developments and
events in the war, including the major battles,
geographical advantages and obstacles, technological
advances, and General Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox.
Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected
combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and
future warfare.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Taking Sides in the War
As the war began and states
chose sides, loyalties in the
four border states were
divided.
After the surrender at Fort Sumter,
President Lincoln asked the nation’s
governors to raise 75,000 troops.
Support was strong, and many
states begged to send more troops
than Lincoln requested.
Several border states did not
respond with support.
Lincoln’s call for support led
Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina,
and Arkansas to join the
Confederacy.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Taking Sides in the War
As the war began and states
chose sides, loyalties in the
four border states were
divided.
The western counties of Virginia
did not support secession.
These 50 counties became the
Union state of West Virginia in 1863.
The states of Maryland, Kentucky,
Delaware, and Missouri stayed in the
Union despite the fact that many
people in these states supported the
South.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Taking Sides in the War
As the war began and states
chose sides, loyalties in the
four border states were
divided.
The state of Maryland was critical
to the Union.
If Maryland had fallen to the
Confederacy, the capital would have
been surrounded.
Lincoln declared martial law in
eastern Maryland after southern
sympathizers destroyed railroad and
telegraph lines.
Kentucky and Missouri were
important for maintaining control of
the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
North Against South
Each side had its
advantages and
disadvantages, and each
side was sure it would
win.
The South had distinct military
advantages.
Northern armies would have to
invade and conquer the South.
Confederates would be fighting on
familiar territory.
Most of the nation’s experienced
military officers were southerners.
The Confederacy’s top three
generals, Albert Johnston, Joseph
Johnston, and Robert E. Lee had all
resigned from the U.S. Army.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
North Against South
Each side had its
advantages and
disadvantages, and each
side was sure it would
win.
The North had about 85% of the
factories in the U.S.
The North had twice as much
railroad track and almost twice as
much farmland.
The Union possessed two-thirds of
the population.
In the South, more than one-third of
the people were enslaved.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Two Sides Plan Strategy
While the North wanted
to isolate the South and
invade it, the South
hoped to get help from
Europe.
The North planned to isolate the
South by blockading its ports.
The North wanted to gain control of
the Mississippi to split the South in
two.
The Union also planned to invade
Virginia and seize Richmond, the
Confederate capital.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Two Sides Plan Strategy
While the North wanted
to isolate the South and
invade it, the South
hoped to get help from
Europe.
The South planned to defend their
land and wait for northerners to get
tired of fighting.
The Confederates sought aid from
Britain and other European nations.
They hoped Britain’s need of cotton
would force them to support the
South.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
American Against Americans
The war often divided
families as it drew most
adult males on both
sides into the military.
Some families had sons in the war
fighting on different sides.
Mary Lincoln had four brothers
who fought for the South.
Nearly half of the North’s troops
were farmers.
One fourth were immigrants.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
American Against Americans
The war often divided
families as it drew most
adult males on both
sides into the military.
Three fourths of the South’s 1
million white males between ages 18
and 45 served in the army.
Two thirds of northern males of the
same age fought for the
Union.*************************
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
Expectations of a quick
victory were dashed at
Bull Run in July 1861.
Union General Irvin McDowell took
30,000 troops into Virginia where they
met about the same number of
Confederate troops.
Hundreds of northerners rode out
from Washington to see the battle,
expecting an easy Union victory.
The battle took place along the Bull
Run River on July 21.
The Union troops initially advanced,
but the battle slowly turned in favor of
the Confederates.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
A Soldier’s Life
Rain, mud, disease, and
crowded prison camps
took a heavy toll on both
sides.
Most soldiers spent the majority of
their time in camp.
Camp conditions were often
miserable due to weather and
disease.
Both sides had prison camps for
captured soldiers.
Nearly 10% of soldiers who died in
the war perished in prison camps.
The worst camps were at Elmira,
New York and Andersonville, Georgia.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 2: The Call to Arms
Standard 8.10.5 Study the views and lives of leaders
(e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee)
and soldiers on both sides of the war, including those
of black soldiers and regiments.
Standard 8.10.6 Describe critical developments and
events in the war, including the major battles,
geographical advantages and obstacles, technological
advances, and General Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
New Technology in the War
The use of new
weapons forced
commanders to
rethink their tactics.
•New weapons made the Civil War more
deadly than any previous war.
•New rifles and cannons were far more
accurate and had a greater range than the
old muskets and artillery.
•They could also be loaded faster.
•Both sides made use of ironclads.
•The most famous naval battle of the war
was fought between two ironclads, the
Union’s Monitor and the Confederacy’s
Merrimack in March 1862.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War in the East
Each side suffered
setbacks in the East
in 1862.
•After the Union’s defeat at Bull Run,
Lincoln put General George McClellan in
command.
•McClellan was notoriously cautious and
took a long time to prepare for his first
attack.
•In March 1862, McClellan moved
100,000 soldiers to a peninsula southeast
of Richmond.
•Though he possessed superior numbers,
McClellan stopped his advance and asked
for more troops.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War in the East
Each side suffered
setbacks in the East
in 1862.
•By the time McClellan advanced again,
the Confederates had reinforced and
stopped the Union advance near
Richmond.
•In late June, McClellan had to retreat.
•Robert E. Lee decided to invade the
North, hoping to gain support from Europe
and turn northern public support against
the war.
•A Union officer found a paper showing
Lee’s battle plan.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War in the East
Each side suffered
setbacks in the East
in 1862.
•McClellan learned Lee had divided his
army into two parts.
•McClellan’s troops attacked the larger
part of Lee’s army at Antietam Creek on
September 17, 1862.
•This was the bloodiest day of the Civil
War.
•The Union suffered about 12,000
casualties, while the South lost nearly
14,000 men.
•Lee was forced to pull his army back into
Virginia.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War in the West
In the West, Union
forces seized control
of most of the
Mississippi River in
1862.
•Ulysses S. Grant led the most successful
army in the West.
•Grant was much more aggressive than
McClellan.
•In February 1862, Grant moved his army
south from Kentucky, capturing Fort
Henry on the Tennessee River.
•He then captured Fort Donelson on the
Cumberland River.
•Two water routes had been opened into
the western Confederacy.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War in the West
In the West, Union
forces seized control
of most of the
Mississippi River in
1862.
•Grant’s army advanced toward Corinth,
Mississippi, an important railroad center.
•Confederate General Albert Sidney
Johnston attacked Grant’s troops on April
6, 1862 at Shiloh Church.
•The Battle of Shiloh cost the South nearly
11,000 casualties and the North more
than 13,000.
•The Union forced the Confederate army
to withdraw from the railroad center.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War in the West
In the West, Union
forces seized control
of most of the
Mississippi River in
1862.
•The Union had gained control of western
Tennessee and part of the Mississippi
River.
•Two weeks after the Battle of Shiloh, a
Union fleet commanded by David
Farragut entered the Mississippi River
from the Gulf of Mexico.
•On April 26, Farragut captured New
Orleans, Louisiana.
•By summer, nearly the entire river was in
Union hands.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 3: The Emancipation Proclamation
Standard 8.10.4 Discuss Abraham Lincoln’s
presidency and his significant writings and speeches
and their relationship to the Declaration of
Independence, such as his Emancipation
Proclamation (1863).
Standard 8.10.5 Study the views and lives of leaders
(e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee)
and soldiers on both sides of the war, including those
of black soldiers and regiments.
Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected
combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and
future warfare.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Emancipating the Enslaved
Lincoln was slow to
decide on emancipation
but finally embraced it as
a necessary war
measure
•Lincoln was resistant to issuing an
emancipation decree because he
feared it might make the border states
secede.
•As the war proceeded, he gradually
changed his mind.
•Lincoln’s cabinet advised him to wait
until after a success on the battlefield.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Emancipating the Enslaved
Lincoln was slow to
decide on emancipation
but finally embraced it as
a necessary war
measure
•On September 22, 1862, a few days
after Lee’s retreat from Antietam,
Lincoln issued a preliminary
proclamation.
•On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued
the final Emancipation Proclamation.
•The Proclamation freed enslaved
people only in areas that were fighting
the Union.
•It did not free anyone in the border
states.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Emancipating the Enslaved
Lincoln was slow to
decide on emancipation
but finally embraced it as
a necessary war
measure.
•The Emancipation Proclamation
dashed any hopes that Britain would
recognize the South’s independence.
•Britain would not help a government
that was fighting to keep people
enslaved.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
African Americans Help the Union
African Americans fought
for the Union and made
other contributions to the
war effort.
•African American soldiers were not
permitted to join the Union army until
after the Emancipation Proclamation.
•Ultimately, 189,000 African
Americans served in the Union army
or navy.
•Thousands supported the Union in
noncombat roles.
•They often worked for Union armies
as cooks, wagon drivers, and hospital
aides.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 4: The Civil War and American Life
Standard 8.10.2 Trace the boundaries constituting the
North and the South, the geographical differences between
the two regions, and the differences between agrarians and
industrialists.
Standard 8.10.3 Identify the constitutional issues posed by
the doctrine of nullification and secession and the earliest
origins of that doctrine.
Standard 8.10.5 Study the views and lives of leaders (e.g.,
Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee) and
soldiers on both sides of the war, including those of black
soldiers and regiments.
Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected combatants,
civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Divisions Over the War
On both sides, pursuit of
the war was hampered
by disagreements among
the people.
•Not all northerners supported a war to
end slavery.
•Not all white southerners supported a
war to defend slavery or secession.
•Southern opposition to the war was
strongest in Georgia and North
Carolina.
•Regions with large slaveholding
plantations supported the war more
strongly than poor backcountry
regions.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Divisions Over the War
On both sides, pursuit of
the war was hampered
by disagreements among
the people.
•Many northerners opposed the
Emancipation Proclamation.
•Northern Democrats who opposed the
war were called Copperheads.
•Copperheads were strongest in Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois.
•They called for peace with the
Confederacy.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Divisions Over the War
On both sides, pursuit of
the war was hampered
by disagreements among
the people.
•Some people on both sides tried to
disrupt the war effort.
•They urged soldiers to desert.
•To deal with these problems, Lincoln
and Davis suspended the right of
habeas corpus in some places during
the war.
•In the North, more than 13,000 people
were arrested and jailed without trials.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Draft Laws
Both sides found it
necessary to draft men
into military service.
•Between 300,000 and 550,000 Union
and Confederate soldiers left their
units and went home.
•About half returned after their crops
were planted or harvested.
•Each side established a draft.
•The Confederacy passed a law
requiring white men between 18 and
35 to serve for three years.
•Later the age range was changed to
17 and 50.
•The North adopted a similar law.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Draft Laws
Both sides found it
necessary to draft men
into military service.
•In the South, a man who held at least
20 enslaved people did not have to
serve.
•Both sides allowed draftees to hire
substitutes.
•Northerners could avoid the draft by
paying the government $300.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War and Economic Strains
The war strained the
finances of governments
and individuals.
•Northern industries boomed as they
turned out goods the Union needed in
the war.
•To pay the costs of fighting the war,
Congress levied the first income tax in
American history.
•The Union also printed $400 million of
paper money to help pay its expenses.
•The extra money caused the prices of
goods to increase an average of 80%
during the war.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War and Economic Strains
The war strained the
finances of governments
and individuals.
•The South was less able than the
North to sustain a war.
•The Union blockade prevented the
South from raising money by selling
cotton overseas.
•This led to much greater inflation than
in the North.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Women in the Civil War
The war opened many
new opportunities for
women, who contributed
greatly to the war effort.
•At least 400 women disguised
themselves as men and joined the
Union or Confederate armies.
•Some became spies behind enemy
lines.
•Women ran businesses, farms, and
plantations in place of men who were
serving in the military.
•Some did factory work.
•Perhaps their largest contribution was
in the area of nursing.
•Over 10,000 women became nurses
in the North.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 5: Decisive Battles
Standard 8.10.4 Discuss Abraham Lincoln’s presidency
and his significant writings and speeches and their
relationship to the Declaration of Independence, such as
his Gettysburg Address (1863).
Standard 8.10.6 Describe critical developments and events
in the war, including the major battles, geographical
advantages and obstacles, technological advances, and
General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.
Standard 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected combatants,
civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Tide Turns
After suffering some
defeats, Union forces
gained the upper hand
by winning major battles
at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.
•After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln
replaced McClellan with General
Ambrose Burnside.
•Burnside wanted impress Lincoln with
a bold attack on Richmond.
•General Lee massed 75,000 troops at
Fredericksburg, Virginia to block the
Union path.
•Burnside attacked with 120,000
troops, using traditional tactics.
•The Union suffered nearly 13,000
casualties in the Battle of
Fredericksburg.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Tide Turns
After suffering some
defeats, Union forces
gained the upper hand
by winning major battles
at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.
•Lincoln replaced Burnside with
General Joseph Hooker.
•Hooker again marched the Union
army toward Richmond.
•In May 1863, Hooker’s army was
smashed at the Battle of
Chancellorsville by a force that was
half its size.
•In the battle, Stonewall Jackson was
badly wounded and died a few days
later.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Gettysburg
After suffering some
defeats, Union forces
gained the upper hand
by winning major battles
at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.
•These Confederate victories made
Lee bolder.
•Once again, he invaded the North,
hoping for a victory on Union soil.
•On July 1, Confederate soldiers were
confronted at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
•The next day, more than 85,000
Union soldiers faced some 75,000
Confederates.
•The Confederacy suffered more than
28,000 casualties to the Union’s
23,000.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Gettysburg
After suffering some
defeats, Union forces
gained the upper hand
by winning major battles
at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.
•At the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee had
lost nearly a third of his troops.
•In November 1863, Lincoln made his
famous Gettysburg Address to honor
the soldiers who had died there.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Vicksburg
After suffering some
defeats, Union forces
gained the upper hand
by winning major battles
at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.
•On July 4, 1863, the southern city of
Vicksburg finally surrendered to
General Grant.
•Grant’s troops had begun a siege of
the city six weeks earlier.
•30,000 Confederate troops
surrendered at Vicksburg.
•A few days later, the last Confederate
stronghold, Port Hudson, Louisiana
also gave up.
•The Union gained complete control of
the Mississippi River.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Closing in on the Confederacy
With Grant in command,
Union forces carried the
war to the heart of the
Confederacy.
•In 1864, Lincoln gave Ulysses S.
Grant command of all Union forces.
•Throughout the spring of 1864, Grant
repeatedly attacked Lee’s troops in
northern Virginia.
•Both sides suffered heavy casualties.
•Grant began a siege of Petersburg in
June 1864 that would continue for
nearly 10 months.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Closing in on the Confederacy
With Grant in command,
Union forces carried the
war to the heart of the
Confederacy.
•On September 2, 1864, General
William Tecumseh Sherman’s troops
captured Atlanta.
•In November, Sherman ordered
Atlanta burned.
•He marched his troops toward the
Atlantic Ocean, leaving a path of
destruction.
•Union troops set fire to buildings,
seized crops and livestock, and pulled
up railroad tracks.
•The army then headed north across
the Carolinas.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Closing in on the Confederacy
With Grant in command,
Union forces carried the
war to the heart of the
Confederacy.
•In his Second Inaugural Address in
March 1865, Lincoln asked Americans
to forgive and forget.
•“With malice toward none; with charity
for all;…let us strive together…to bind
up the nation’s wounds,” said Lincoln.
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Surrender at Appomattox
Lee surrendered to Grant
at Appomattox, putting
an end to the long and
bloody war.
•On April 2, Grant’s troops finally broke
through Confederate lines.
•Richmond fell that evening.
•Lee’s army retreated to the town of
Appomattox Court House.
•On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to
Grant.
•Grant offered Lee generous surrender
terms.
•The Confederates had to give up their
weapons and leave in peace.