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Civil War
America at War
A Road to Disunity
• The northern states and the southern
states started growing apart in the early
19th Century. They grew apart financially,
socially, and politically.
• Sectionalism was one of the main issues.
Sectionalism is loyalty to the issues of
your own region or section of the country
rather than the country as a whole.
Tariffs of Abominations
• Tariffs are taxes on items coming from
other countries. The northern
manufacturers wanted tariffs to compete
with cheaper British goods. The south did
not like the tax, because they traded with
the British, and they believed the British
would tax their goods, so they called the
taxes, Tariffs of Abominations.
States’ Rights
• The Southern states believed in States’
Rights, or that states should govern
themselves without interference of the
federal government. South Carolina
threatened to leave the union, because
they believed the tariffs endangered their
state’s rights.
• South Carolina nullified (rejected) the
tariffs instead.
Slavery
• Several events brings slavery to the
forefront in American politics.
• The Missouri Compromise (1820)
1. Maine was admitted as a Free State
and Missouri was admitted as a Slave
State to keep a balance of free and slave
states in the U.S. Congress.
2. Slavery was prohibited north of
Latitude 36*30
Slavery con’t
• The Compromise of 1850 (Debate lasted for
8 months before compromise)
1. California came into the Union as a Free
State.
2. Slave trading was stopped in the District of
Columbia.
3. Texas gave up the idea of taking in New
Mexico, so it could be part of a slave state.
Slavery con’t
• The territories of New Mexico and Utah
could decide if they wanted to be free or
slave states (popular sovereignty).
•
4. District of Columbia residents could
keep slaves they had.
•
5. Congress would pass a law stating
that slaves that ran away to a free state
would be returned to their owners.
(Fugitive Slave Law)
Georgia Platform
•
In response to the Compromise of 1850,
Georgia held a convention called the Georgia
Platform.
1. Delegates outlined their support for the
compromise and their concerns for the future.
2. Delegates did not want to secede from the
union, but to preserve it. However, secession
did remain an important topic to Southern
states.
Slavery con’t
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Written by Stephen Douglas of Illinois
2. Created two new territories which had
“Popular Sovereignty”
3. This changed the Missouri
Compromise of 1820, which did not
allow slavery north of Missouri’s southern
boundary.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• 4. Fights broke out between Free Soilers
and pro-slave settlers.
• 5. In Kansas, almost 200 settlers were
killed- this event became known as
“Bleeding Kansas.”
Slavery Con’t
• Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri
• He was taken to Illinois and Wisconsin ( free
states) by his owner.
• He returned to Missouri and filed suit saying he
was free since he had lived in free states
• The case went before the U.S. Supreme Court in
1857- The Court ruled Scott could not sue
because he was a slave and not a citizen.
Dred Scott
The Election of 1860
• 1. The issue of slavery was the biggest
issue on the platform. The newly formed
Republican Party chose Illinois resident
Abraham Lincoln as their candidate. He
had been outspoken against slavery.
• 2. Democrats were torn. Northern
Democrats wanted popular sovereignty
for territories when they became states
The Election of 1860 con’t
• Southern Democrats were against
territories having popular sovereignty.
They walked out of the convention.
Northern and Southern Democrats chose
different candidates
• 3. Abraham Lincoln won with only 40 per
cent of the popular vote.
Abraham Lincoln
Secession
• 1. A Republican winning was the final straw for
some Southern states. South Carolina seceded
in 1860, only a few days after Lincoln was
elected.
• 2. On January 29, 1861, after much discussion,
Georgia voted 208-89 to secede from the Union.
The people who did not want to secede were
Unionists. Alexander Stephens did not want to
secede, but to compromise.
Secession
• 3. Before Lincoln took office in March, seven
states had left the Union. Four states will soon
follow them.
• 4. Montgomery, Alabama was the first capital of
the Confederate States of America. Jefferson
Davis was elected presidency of the
confederacy, Georgia’s Alexander H. Stephens
as Vice- President, and Georgia’s Robert
Toombs as Secretary of State.
Secession
• 5. Georgia ratified the Confederate
Constitution on March 16, 1861.
A Nation Divided
Military Strategies
• North (the Union)- used a naval blockade
of the southern states’ coasts. This was
called the Anaconda Plan. The Union did
not expect the South to fight for long, and
they believed the blockade would make
them surrender fast.
Anaconda Plan
Military Strategies
• South- King Cotton Diplomacy was a
strategy where the south believed foreign
countries would help them fight the north
because they needed the south’s cotton.
They also believed the war would be short.
The American Civil War
• The first shots of the Civil War were fired
upon Fort Sumter in Charleston, South
Carolina on April 12, 1861. The
Confederacy wanted to take over the
Union-controlled fort.
The American Civil War
• The first major battle between the
confederacy and the Union was on July
21, 1861. The Battle of Bull Run
(Manassas) was fought in Northern
Virginia. The confederacy won.
Emancipation Proclamation
• This document stated that “all persons
held as slaves in any state of the
Confederacy shall be forever free as of
January 1, 1863.
• This gave the north another reason to
keep fighting in the long war.
Major Battles
• Battle of Antietam (1862) was the first
major battle of the Civil War fought on
Union territory. September 17th was the
“bloodiest day of the entire war.” Union
causalities were 12,410 and the
confederate causalities were 13,724.
Major Battles
• Battle of Gettysburg (1863) was Robert
E. Lee’s second attempt to attack on
Union territory. This battle became the
deadliest battle of the entire war. Total
causalities for the battle were 21,049 for
the Union and 28,063 for the
Confederates.
• The Battle of Gettysburg was a huge
moral victory for the Union.
Civil War in Georgia
• Battle of Chickamauga (1863)- was the
bloodiest Civil War battle in Georgia. Total
causalities for the battle were 16,170 for
the Union and 18,454 for the Confederacy.
Civil War in Georgia
Civil War in Georgia
• Andersonville was a Confederate prison
for Union soldiers who had been captured
during battles. Andersonville was a very
harsh and cruel place to go for Union
soldiers. Over 12,000 Union soldiers died
at Andersonville.
Civil War in Georgia
Civil War in Georgia
• This was the start of a planned attack into
the deep South.
• Battle (siege) of Atlanta happened under
the leadership of Union General William T.
Sherman.
• He bombed a fortified Atlanta for 40 days.
• Confederate troops finally fled Atlanta, and
Sherman and his troops set fire to the
major buildings of Atlanta.
William T. Sherman
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sherman ordered that during the March to
the Sea the Union soldiers would collect
food, horses, mules, and other supplies.
• His troops tore up railroad lines, which
came to be known as “Sherman’s
Neckties.”
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• If Sherman’s troops encountered
resistance, they burned homes and
businesses and they became known as
“Sherman’s sentinels.”
• Sherman met little resistance.
Savannah
• Throughout the war, the Union could not take
Savannah by sea because of Fort Jackson
guarding it
• On December 13, 1864, Sherman’s troops had a
brief battle at Fort McAllister but won.
• The rest of the Confederate troops left
Savannah on December 20, and Sherman and
his troops marched in on December 21, 1864.
Savannah
• Sherman thought Savannah was a
beautiful city, and instead of burning it, he
gave it to President Lincoln as a Christmas
present.
• This was the end of the Civil War in
Georgia.
End of the Civil War
• Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S.
Grant in Appomattox, Virginia on April 9,
1865 to officially end the Civil War.
Death of Abraham Lincoln
• On April 14, 1865,
John Wilkes Booth
killed President
Abraham Lincoln at
Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, DC.