Download 14 th Amendment - Methacton School District

Reconstruction refers to the 12 year period
following the Civil War (1865-1877).
• Congress passed the 13th
Amendment, abolishing
slavery throughout the U.S.
in January 1865.
• It was not ratified by the
states until December.
• On January 16, 1865,
General William T. Sherman
issued Special Field Order
No. 15.
• Sherman’s army confiscated
plantations outside of
Charleston, South Carolina.
http://www.travelhero.com/commonImages/destinations/appomattox1.jpg
http://www.classbrain.com/artteenst/uploads/13th-amendment.jpg
http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwleaders/William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman.jpg
Abraham Lincoln expected the president to
control Reconstruction.
• Lincoln suggested giving
former Confederates
amnesty, or a pardon,
when they:
1) Promised their loyalty
to the Union.
2) Pledged to support
the Constitution.
3) Accepted the end of
slavery.
http://www.civil-war-token.com/images/President-Abraham-Lincoln.jpg
http://extlab1.entnem.ufl.edu/olustee/pics/parole2.jpg
http://www.american-partisan.com/images/various/constitution.gif
Under Lincoln’s plan, when 10 percent of a state’s voters
promised loyalty, a new government could be elected.
• Then state voters would
have to approve the 13th
Amendment.
• Only then would the
state be re-admitted to
the Union.
• Under this Ten Percent
Plan, southern states
were not forced to give
equal rights to AfricanAmericans.
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/capture-columbia-south-carolina.htm
http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/map1.html#
http://www.aaregistry.com/eimage/13thAmendmentStatue.gif
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot while
watching a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington.
• His assassin, John
Wilkes Booth, was an
actor and a southern
sympathizer.
• Booth escaped, but was
shot and killed several
days later.
• Following Lincoln’s
death on April 15,
Republicans in Congress
moved to control
Reconstruction.
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/April/booth-killing-lincoln.htm
http://www.nps.gov/foth/fordthre.gif
Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to
punish former Confederate leaders.
• They wanted to make sure former
slaves gained equal rights.
• The Radicals’ plan to reunite the
nation was the Wade-Davis Bill.
• This plan required a majority of a
state’s citizens (not just 10%)
pledge to support the Constitution.
• Citizens also had to swear they
never voluntarily supported the
Confederacy.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Benjamin_f_wade_drawing.png
http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/dtroy/project/art/metcalf2/images/upperleft.gif
http://lfa.atu.edu/ssphil/people/ssjw/us2h/rads.gif
In March 1865, Congress established the
Freedman’s Bureau, which helped former slaves
find jobs that paid fair wages.
http://i.timeinc.net/TFK/media/specials/graphics/010201_bhm2/timeline/large3.jpg
http://subvatican.com/tcc/reconstruction.html
http://www.elon.edu/history/images/HowardU1900L.jp
• It also set up courts to
ensure justice for African
Americans.
• Over 4,300 schools were
created for 250,000
children and adults.
• The first colleges for
African Americans were
established, including
Howard University in
Washington, DC.
• President Andrew
Johnson, a Democrat,
angered congressional
Republicans by
adopting a plan closer
to Lincoln’s.
• Johnson restored
property and political
rights to most former
Confederate leaders,
allowing many to
return to power.
http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/ngj/johnsona.htm
http://14thamendment.harpweek.com/asp/ViewEntryImage.asp?page=0&imageSize=m
http://14thamendment.harpweek.com/asp/ViewEntryImage.asp?page=0&imageSize=m
Under Johnson, southern state governments found
ways to limit the rights of former slaves.
• Under laws known as
black codes, African
Americans were not
allowed to:
1) Vote,
2) Hold certain jobs,
3) Carry weapons,
4) Serve on juries, or
5) Own or lease farms.
http://www.andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/KickingFreedmensBureau.htm
http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/StudentTo1877/SChapter15.htm
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/sespics/34004.jpg
After the war, former slaves and poor whites
couldn’t afford their own land.
• Instead, they worked
land owned by white
landowners and gave
them a part of their
harvest.
• This arrangement was
called sharecropping.
• Former slaves soon
found themselves in
debt to their former
masters.
http://www.godelfineart.com/images/thumbs/Darley_Sharecroppers-Supper.jpg
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/ashp/toer/images/toer-page10-2.jpg
http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature50/images/mar4_L.jpg
Outraged by black codes, Republicans in Congress
decided to take further control of Reconstruction.
• The Civil Rights Act of
1866 granted citizenship
to all people born in the
United States (except
Native Americans).
• Anyone attempting to
deny people their rights
faced a $1,000 fine or a
year in jail.
• Johnson vetoed the bill.
• Republicans in Congress
overrode his veto.
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/law/witt/raw_images/lect17/08_civil_rights_act_1866.jpg
http://www.nd.edu/~learning/Irving/Main_graphics/man.gif
http://www.landmarkcases.org/dredscott/images/dred_portrait.gif
http://www.schoolhousevideo.org/media/MRcartoon.jpg
In June 1866, Congress passed the 14th
Amendment to the Constitution.
• It said that anyone born
in the U.S. was a citizen.
• States that tried to take
away citizens’ rights
would lose congressional
representation.
• It also banned former
Confederate leaders from
public office.
• It would not be ratified
by the states until July
1868.
http://14thamendment.harpweek.com/
Congress said that any state wishing to rejoin the
Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment.
• Johnson discouraged
states from ratifying the
amendment.
• Out of 11 former
Confederate states, only
Johnson’s home state of
Tennessee ratified it in
1866.
• Voters voted solidly for
Republicans in the 1866
Congressional elections.
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow
http://www.andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/AndysTrip.htm
Under the Reconstruction Act (1867), states refusing to ratify
the 14th Amendment were placed under military rule.
• Pre-1867 Southern state
governments were
declared illegal.
• Freed slaves and whites
who supported
Republicans were
registered to vote.
• Former Confederate
leaders and their
supporters were not
allowed to vote.
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/sespics/71853.jpg
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow
http://www.christers.net/veeps/alexander-stephens.jpg
The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 further
reduced President Johnson’s power.
• This law made it illegal
for him to fire Cabinet
members without Senate
approval.
• When Johnson fired
Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton in February
1868, the House voted to
impeach the president.
• Johnson was tried in the
Senate for breaking the
Tenure of Office Act.
http://www.andrewjohnson.com
The Senate fell one vote short of the two-third
majority necessary to remove Johnson from office.
• In 1868, Republicans
nominated Ulysses S.
Grant, who easily won
the presidency.
• Grant would be reelected in 1872.
• He used martial law to
deal with severe disorder
in the South.
• It soon became clear that
Reconstruction was
losing support among
the American people.
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/5600/5678/johnson_impeachment_1_lg.gif
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/nation/jb_nation_grant_1_e.jpg
New state constitutions were written to support
voting rights for African American men.
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MAP/TERRITORY/1870map.html
http://www.whoseflorida.com/wfl-images/ocarpeb001p1.jpg
http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm
• Then voters had to
approve their new state
constitution and the 14th
Amendment.
• By the end of 1870, all
southern states had been
readmitted to the Union.
• Northerners who had
moved to the South were
soon in charge of most
state governments.
Southerners disliked these carpetbaggers, who
they felt were using government jobs to get rich.
• White southerners who
sided with Republicans
were called scalawags –
a term used to describe a
worthless farm animal.
• African Americans were
elected to public office.
• Hiram Revels of
Mississippi became the
first African American
senator.
http://lfa.atu.edu/ssphil/people/ssjw/us2h/bp.htm
http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/media/carpetbagger.gif
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Jefferson_Davis.jpg
New state governments in the South made many changes.
• New tax laws
required wealthy
plantation owners to
pay a larger share.
• Property
qualifications for
voting and holding
office were
eliminated.
• Women were allowed
to own property.
• The black codes were
eliminated.
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/00045/00045453.jpg
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/southern-belle-civil-war.jpg
http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/mjohns/mj09.jpg
African Americans opened their own churches –
which became centers of community life.
• Black couples could also
now be legally married.
• The Ku Klux Klan was
formed by Confederate
veterans in 1866.
• This secret society
terrorized African
Americans to discourage
them from voting.
• The KKK also targeted
carpetbaggers.
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/law/witt/raw_images/lect17/07_marriage.jpg
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?term=&collection=crow&index=6
http://battleofsac.com/images/forrest.jpg
http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/images/KKK.JPG
Congress passed the 15th Amendment in
February 1869; it was ratified by the states in 1870.
• It stated that the right to
vote could not be denied
based on race or the fact
that the person had been
a slave.
• As the popularity of
Reconstruction faded,
southern governments
found ways around this
guarantee.
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Workshop/4275/Organizing.jpg
http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/ecp/45/00028/html/15thamd.jpg
Some southern states denied the right to vote to
people who could not read or write.
• In many places, people
who wanted to vote were
required to pay money,
called a poll tax.
• Few African Americans
could meet either of
these requirements.
• Grandfather clauses
allowed voters whose
grandfather or father
were eligible to vote in
1867 to be excluded
from literacy tests.
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/pm/1942/21012cs.jpg
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com
The goal of many southern states became
segregation, the separation of the races.
• Jim Crow laws enforced
segregation in schools,
restaurants, railroad cars
and other public places.
• The Supreme Court – in
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896) – ruled that
segregation was legal so
long as facilities for
blacks and whites were
equal.
http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/images/jim-crow-songbook.jpg
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/weblect/lec02/plessy2.jpg
http://conlaw.usatoday.findlaw.com/supreme_court/landmark/landmarkimages/plessy2.gif
http://www.evergreen.edu/events/brownvboard/images/brown_ap.jpg
In the 1876 presidential election, Democrat
Samuel Tilden easily won the popular vote.
• However, he was one
vote short of a majority
over Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes in
the electoral college.
• The 20 electoral votes
from South Carolina,
Florida, and Louisiana
were disputed.
• Congress created a
special group to review
the election results.
http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/images/1876_election-web.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/nation/jb_nation_hayes_1_e.jpg
Four months later, the commission awarded the
disputed votes to Hayes, who won 185-184.
• In what became known
as the Compromise of
1877, remaining federal
troops in the South
would be removed.
• White Democrats quickly
regained control of their
states and reintroduced
the black codes.
• Reconstruction was over.
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:ElectoralCollege1876_Large.png
http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/cartoons-list.asp?year=1876