Download AHON Chapter 14 Section 1 Lecture Notes

Chapter
14 Section 1
Objectives
• Explain why conflict arose over the issue of
slavery in the territories after the MexicanAmerican War.
• Identify the goal of the Free-Soil Party.
• Describe the compromise Henry Clay proposed
to settle the issues that divided the North and
the South.
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Terms and People
• popular sovereignty – policy having people in
the territory or state vote directly on issues
rather than having elected officials decide
• secede – to withdraw
• fugitives – enslaved people who have run away
• Henry Clay – Kentucky senator who worked on
the Missouri Compromise
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Terms and People (continued)
• John C. Calhoun – South Carolina senator who
opposed the Missouri Compromise
• Daniel Webster – Massachusetts senator who
called for an end to the bitter sectionalism
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How did the question of admission of
new states to the Union fuel the
debate over slavery and states’ rights?
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily
quieted the differences between the North and
South.
However, new territory added as a result of
America’s victory in the Mexican-American War
renewed the conflict.
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From 1820 to 1848, the balance of power between North
and South held: 15 free states and 15 slave states.
The tie could be
broken by new
territory gained in
the MexicanAmerican War.
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Even before the Mexican-American War had ended,
politicians argued over what to do.
The Wilmot Proviso
Representative
David Wilmot from
Pennsylvania
proposed a ban on
slavery in all
Mexican Cession
territories.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The bill passed in the
House but not in the
Senate.
Still, it angered
Southerners, who
viewed the bill as an
attack on slavery by
the North.
Chapter
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In the 1848 election, many Democrats and Whigs
were disappointed with their party’s stand on
slavery.
Antislavery
Democrats and
Whigs formed a
new political
party.
Free-Soil Party
The party called for
the territory from
the MexicanAmerican War to be
“free soil.”
The Free-Soil Party chose Martin Van Buren as its
candidate.
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Critics called Free-Soil Party members “barnburners.”
They accused them of burning the barn (the
Democratic Party) to get rid of proslavery “rats.”
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Democratic candidate Lewis Cass of Michigan
suggested a solution that he hoped everyone
would like.
popular
sovereignty
He wanted to let the
people in each state or
territory decide whether
to allow slavery.
The Free-Soil Party took votes away from Senator
Cass.
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Presidential Election of 1848
Party
Candidate
Policy
Democratic
Party
Senator Lewis Cass
popular
sovereignty
Free-Soil
Party
Martin Van Buren
slavery banned
Whig Party
General Zachary Taylor no stated
policy
Zachary Taylor won the election.
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North and South also clashed over California,
which was ready to become a state.
Northerners argued
that California should
be a free state
because most of its
territory lay north of
the Missouri
Compromise.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Southerners feared
losing power.
They threatened to
secede from the
nation if California
was made a free
state.
Chapter
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North and South also disagreed over other issues
related to slavery.
Northerners
wanted the slave
trade abolished
in Washington,
D.C.
Southerners
called for a law
that would force
the return of
fugitives.
Months passed, and no solution was reached.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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In 1850, Senator Henry
Clay of Kentucky made a
series of proposals to
resolve this conflict.
The Senate’s discussion of
Clay’s proposals produced
one of the greatest debates
in American history.
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John C. Calhoun spoke against the compromise,
and Daniel Webster spoke for it.
John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
The U.S. needed to
amend the constitution.
Otherwise, the South
should secede.
The U.S. should end
sectionalism and adopt
the compromise.
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With the territories acquired by the MexicanAmerican war, the nation could no longer
overlook the slavery issue.
At first, Clay’s
compromise
seemed to work for
both sides.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
However, the
compromise soon
fell apart.
Chapter
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Know It, Show It Quiz
Chapter
14 Section 1
Please describe 3 of the 5 parts
the compromise of 1850?
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter
14 Section 1
Objectives:
• Summarize the main points of the Compromise
of 1850.
• Describe the impact of the novel Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.
• Explain how the Kansas-Nebraska Act reopened
the issue of slavery in the territories.
• Describe the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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Terms and People:
• Harriet Beecher Stowe – daughter of an
abolitionist minister and author of Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
• propaganda – false or misleading information
that is spread to further a cause
• Stephen Douglas – Illinois senator who pushed
the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
• John Brown – antislavery settler from
Connecticut who led an attack on a proslavery
settlement
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What was the Compromise of 1850,
and why did it fail?
Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, a
series of laws meant to solve the controversy
over slavery.
The bitterness between the North and South
caused all attempts at compromise to fail.
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The Compromise of 1850 included five laws that
addressed issues related to slavery.
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President Fillmore signed the compromise into law.
Some of the new laws pleased the North, and
others pleased the South.
To Please
the North
• California admitted to the Union as a
free state
• Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C.
To Please
the South
• Popular sovereignty used to decide
slavery in the rest of the Mexican
Cession
• Tough new fugitive slave law
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The Fugitive Slave Act of
1850 allowed officials to
arrest anyone accused of
being a runaway slave.
Suspects had no
rights to a trial.
Northern citizens were required to help capture
accused runaways.
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Slave catchers would seize fugitives even after many
years had passed since their escape.
An Indiana man was
separated from his wife
and children when a slave
owner claimed he had
escaped 19 years ago.
A wealthy tailor was
seized, but his friends in
New York quickly raised
money to free him.
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The Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial
part of the Compromise of 1850.
Senator Calhoun
hoped that it
would force
northerners to
admit that
slaveholders
had rights to
their property.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Instead, it convinced
more northerners
that slavery was evil.
Northerners began to
resist the law.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of an abolitionist
minister, was deeply affected by the Fugitive Slave Law.
In 1853, Stowe
published the
novel Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, about an
enslaved man who
is abused by his
cruel owner.
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Stowe’s novel provoked strong reactions from
people on both sides of the slavery issue.
Many northerners
were shocked
and began to
view slavery as a
serious moral
problem rather
than a political
issue.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Many white
southerners said
it was
propaganda,
misleading
information meant
to further a
cause.
Chapter
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The debate over slavery continued with the Kansas and
Nebraska territories.
Southerners refused to admit the territories because
they lay above the Missouri Compromise line.
In 1854, Senator
Stephen Douglas
helped pass the
Kansas-Nebraska Act.
The KansasNebraska Act
Allowed the people in the
territories to decide the
slavery issue by popular
sovereignty.
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The act undid
the Missouri
Compromise.
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North and South were divided over the KansasNebraska Act.
Southerners
supported the act.
Northerners were
outraged.
They hoped the
new territories
would become
slave states.
They felt Douglas
had betrayed them
into allowing more
slave states.
Nevertheless, the act was signed into law by
President Franklin Pierce.
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Thousands of proslavery and antislavery settlers
immediately poured into Kansas.
Each side wanted to
hold a majority in
the vote on slavery.
Kansas soon had
two governments,
one antislavery
and one
proslavery.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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Violence broke out.
Bands of fighters
began roaming the
territory, terrorizing
those who did not
support their views.
The violence was so bad that it earned Kansas the name
Bleeding Kansas.
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The violence in Kansas spread over into the United
States Senate.
Abolitionist Charles
Sumner spoke out
against proslavery
Senator Andrew Butler.
Butler’s nephew beat
Sumner unconscious in
the Senate chamber.
By 1856, all attempts at
compromise had failed.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter
14 Section 1
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Know It, Show It Quiz
Chapter
14 Section 1
Objectives
• Explain why the Republican Party came into
existence in the 1850s.
• Summarize the issues involved in the Dred Scott
decision.
• Identify Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen
Douglas’s views on slavery.
• Describe the differing reactions in the North and
the South to John Brown’s raid.
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Key People
• Dred Scott − a slave seeking emancipation
• Roger B. Taney − the Chief Justice who ruled in Scott’s
case
• Abraham Lincoln − elected President in 1860
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Why did tensions between the North
and South grow stronger after the
Lincoln-Douglas debates and John
Brown’s raid?
In the late 1850s, political debates and court
decisions highlighted the nation’s clashing
views on slavery.
These events caused growing tension between
the North and South.
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In 1854, the Whig Party split apart. Many northern Whigs formed a
new party: the Republican Party.
The Republican
Party’s main goal
was to stop the
spread of slavery
into the western
territories.
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The Republicans quickly became a powerful force
in politics.
A Republican first ran for President in 1856.
Republican
John C.
Frémont
Democrat
James
Buchanan
Buchanan won, but Frémont carried 11 of the
nation’s free states.
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Soon after Buchanan took office, the U.S. Supreme Court made a
landmark decision.
In 1857, a slave named Dred
Scott sued for his freedom.
Scott had lived with his owner
in two places where slavery
was illegal.
He argued that this meant he
was a free man.
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Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the decision in the Scott
case.
Dred Scott Decision
• Scott could not sue because he was a slave and,
therefore, not a U.S. citizen.
• Living in a free state did not make Scott free.
• Slaves are property protected by the U.S.
Constitution.
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Justice Taney also ruled that Congress did not have the
power to prohibit slavery in any territory.
Both northerners and southerners were shocked by
the court’s decision.
Southerners rejoiced
because slavery was now
legal in all territories.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Northerners had hoped
slavery would die out.
They now feared it would
spread throughout the
West.
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Many leaders spoke out against the ruling.
• Frederick Douglass hoped
the outrage against the
decision would fuel the
abolition movement.
• Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois
lawyer, argued against the
idea that African Americans
could not be citizens.
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Lincoln had served one term in Congress but had returned to
practicing law.
Now, his opposition
to the KansasNebraska Act drew
him back to the
world of politics.
He joined the
Republican party.
In 1858, Lincoln ran for Senate against his rival Stephen
Douglas.
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Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a series of debates,
which were followed throughout the country.
Douglas’s view
Lincoln’s view
• Individual states should
decide whether or not to
continue the practice of
slavery.
• Slavery is wrong and it
should not spread to the
western territories.
• Lincoln wants equality
for African Americans.
• African Americans are
entitled to the rights of
life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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Douglas won the election.
• However, the debates
helped Lincoln become
a national figure.
• Two years later, the two
men would be rivals for
the presidency.
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In 1859, John Brown raised a group of followers to help
him free slaves in the South.
They attacked the
town of Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia.
They seized guns
and planned to
start a slave
revolt.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Brown was
wounded and
captured by
Colonel Robert E.
Lee.
Ten of Brown’s
followers were
killed.
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Before Brown was sentenced, he gave a passionate defense of
his actions.
The Bible instructed
him to care for the
poor and enslaved.
He was willing to give
up his life to follow
those instructions.
Brown was found guilty of murder and treason, and he was
hanged in 1859.
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Northerners and Southerners reacted differently to Brown’s
sentence.
Northerners praised
Brown’s attempt to
lead a slave revolt.
They mourned his
death.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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Southerners saw Brown as proof that the North was out to
destroy their way of life.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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The continuing tensions over slavery drove the North
and the South into talks of breaking up the United
States.
The crisis over slavery
deepened as the
country approached the
1860 presidential
election.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Could a new
president bring the
country back
together?
Chapter
14 Section 1
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Know It, Show It Quiz
Chapter
14 Section 1
Objectives:
• Describe the results of the election of 1860.
• Explain why southern states seceded from the
Union.
• Summarize the events that led to the outbreak
of the Civil War.
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Key Term
• civil war – a war between opposing groups of
the same country
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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Why did the election of Abraham
Lincoln spark the secession of
southern states?
Abraham Lincoln took a stand against slavery
in his debates against Douglas. In 1860,
Lincoln was elected President.
Southerners felt they no longer had a voice in
the national government. Some southern
states seceded.
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Democrats became divided over whether to
support slavery in the territories.
Northern
Democrats
nominated
Stephen
Douglas.
Southern
Democrats
chose Vice
President John
Breckinridge.
Stephen Douglas desperately sought to appease
southern voters.
However, southerners often jeered at him during
his campaign speeches.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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In total, four candidates ran for president in 1860.
Republicans
Abraham Lincoln
criticized slavery
Northern
Democrats
Stephen Douglas
favored individual
states deciding on
slavery
Southern
Democrats
John Breckinridge
supported slavery in
the territories
Constitutional
Union Party
John Bell
promised to protect
slavery and keep
nation together
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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The outcome of the election showed just how
fragmented the nation had become:
Lincoln won in every free state.
Breckinridge won most of the slave states.
Bell won three states in the upper South.
Douglas won Missouri.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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Abraham Lincoln received enough electoral votes
to win the election.
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Southerners felt that the President and Congress
were now set against their interests—especially
slavery.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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Frustrated southern states formed the
Confederate States of America.
South
Carolina was
the first state
to secede
from the
Union.
Six other southern
states followed.
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Some moderate southerners did not want to
secede, but their voices were overwhelmed.
By March, the
Confederacy had
adopted a constitution.
Former Senator Jefferson
Davis was named
president.
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When President Lincoln was inaugurated on
March 4, 1861, the nation faced the greatest
crisis in its history.
Lincoln told the seceded states he would not
“interfere… with slavery where it exists.”
Lincoln
encouraged the
Confederacy to
return to the
union.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The Confederate
states responded
by taking over
federal property
within their
borders.
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Already, an urgent struggle had begun.
The commander at
Fort Sumter, South
Carolina, had
refused to
surrender to the
Confederates.
The Confederates
tried to starve the
troops into
surrendering.
Lincoln did not send troops because he did not want
other states to secede.
He planned to send food on ships without guns.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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On April 12, 1861,
Confederate forces
attacked Fort Sumter.
The U.S. troops
surrendered.
The Confederate
attack on Fort
Sumter marked the
beginning of a long
civil war.
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By 1861, many people in the North and South believed
that war was unavoidable.
However,
Americans were
unprepared for
the terrible war
that would last
for the next
four years.
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter
14 Section 1
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Know It, Show It Quiz