Download Slavery Divides the Nation, 1820–1861

Slavery Divides the Nation,
1820–1861
Unit 11-A
Events Leading to the U.S. Civil War
• Kentucky andNorthwest
Ordinance
• Virginia Resolutions
• Missouri Compromise
• Tariff of 1828
• Nat Turner's slave rebellion
• The Amistad
• Prigg v. Pennsylvania
• Texas Annexation
• Mexican–American War
• Wilmot Proviso
• Manifest Destiny
• Underground Railroad
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
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Compromise of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Sumner-Brooks affair
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Brown's raid on Harper's
Ferry
1860 presidential election
Secession of Southern
States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
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Slavery in the Territories
What were factors or reasons that
contributed to sectionalism?
- feelings about slavery as a economic
issue
- degree of industry in different areas of
the country
- different uses of land in different areas of
the country
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Chronological Order
• Missouri Compromise 1819
• Nullification Crisis 1832
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
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The Missouri Compromise
In 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave
states.
Representation in the Senate was evenly
balanced between the North and the South.
Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave
state. That would give the South a majority in
the Senate.
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The Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay proposed the Missouri
Compromise.
– Missouri would join the Union as a slave
state.
– Maine would join the Union as a free state.
– Congress drew an imaginary line across the
southern border of Missouri at latitude
36º30´N. Slavery would be permitted in the
Louisiana Purchase south of that line.
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The Issue of Slavery in the
West
The Problem
As a result of the Mexican War, the
United States acquired a vast amount of
land.
The Missouri Compromise applied only
to the Louisiana Purchase, not the new
western lands.
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The Argument
North:
Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania
called for a law to ban slavery in any
territories won from Mexico. This proposal
was known as the Wilmot Proviso.
South:
Southern leaders said Congress had no right
to ban slavery in the West.
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THE OUTCOME
The house passed the Wilmot
Proviso, but the Senate defeated
it.
The argument continued.
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The Issue of Slavery in the
West
Abolitionists
Slavery should be banned throughout
the country.
It is morally wrong.
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Southern Slaveholders
Slavery should be allowed in any
territory.
Slaves who escape to the North
should be returned.
Slavery is a source of labor and a
economic issue
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Other Views
•The Missouri Compromise line should be
extended all across the Mexican Cession.
•Any state south of the line could allow
slavery.
•States carved out of the Mexican Cession
should decide the slavery issue by popular
sovereignty; that is, voters in a new territory
should decide for themselves whether or not
to allow slavery.
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The Founding of the Free-Soil
Party
In 1848, slavery became an important election
issue for the first time.
– Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the
spread of slavery.
– They did not speak up because they did not want to
lose southern votes. Also, they feared the slavery
issue would split the nation.
– In 1848, antislavery members of both parties
formed the Free-Soil party. Only a few members
were abolitionists. The party’s main goal was to
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keep slavery out of the western territories.
Prior to the Civil War, U.S. tariffs contributed
to the causes of sectionalism
- Northern states favored the tariffs
- Southern states opposed the tariffs
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Nullification Crisis
1. A sectional crisis during the Presidency of
Andrew Jackson
2. Created by South Carolina’s 1832 Ordinance
of Nullification:
A- declared the power of the state
B- rejected federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832
C- argued they were unconstitutional and
therefore null and void
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3- Tariff of 1828, known as :Tariff of
Abominations” enacted by President John
Quincy Adams
4- South Carolina repealed its Nullification
Ordinance on March 11,1833
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The Compromise of 1850
• A series of five (5) bills
• Intended to stave off sectional strife
• To keep spread of slavery to territories
in balance
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5 Bills
1. California was entered as a free state
2. New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to
use popular sovereignty to decide the
issue of slavery
3. The Republic of Texas gave up lands it
claimed in present day New Mexico and
received $10 million to pay its debt to
Mexico
4. The slave trade was abolished in District of
Columbia
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5. The Fugitive Slave Act was enacted
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
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The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
• In 1849, there were 15 slave states and
15 free states. California asked to enter
the Union as a free state.
• If California entered the Union as a free
state, the North would have a majority in
the Senate. The South feared that
Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico would
also soon join the Union as free states.
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The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
• Some southerners worried that they would
be outvoted in the Senate. They said
southern states should secede, or
remove themselves, from the United
States.
• Northerners said that California should be
allowed to enter the Union as a free state
because most of the territory lay north of
the Missouri Compromise line.
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Henry Clay of Kentucky
He pleaded for the North and South to reach
an agreement and warned that the nation
could break apart.
Senator Jordon Underwood said about Clay
after his death, “He reduced sectional
conflict through legislation that balanced
the concerns of the issue of slavery”.
He was the “Great Compromiser”
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John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
• He refused to compromise and insisted
that slavery be allowed in the western
territories.
• He demanded that fugitive, or runaway,
slaves be returned to their owners as
lost “property.”
• He said that if the North did not agree
to these demands, the South would use
force to leave the Union.
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When John C. Calhoun became vicepresident, he gave an address (speech)
in 1831 where he claims that state
governments have the right to reject
federal law
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Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
• He felt that slavery was evil, but the
breakup of the United States would be
worse.
• He warned against civil war, a war
between people of the same country.
• He thought that northerners should be
forced to return fugitive slaves.
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
What is Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel
called Uncle Tom’s Cabin to show the
evils of slavery and the injustice of the
Fugitive Slave Act. The book tells the
story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved
African American noted for his
kindness and piety.
How did people react to Uncle Tom’s
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Cabin?
Northerners
Northerners could no longer view slavery
as a political problem for Congress to
settle.
More and more northerners now saw
slavery as a moral problem facing
every American.
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Southerners
Southerners claimed that the book did
not give a true picture of a slave’s life.
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The Crisis Deepens
• What was the goal of the KansasNebraska Act?
• Why did violence erupt in Kansas
and in the Senate?
• What impact did the Dred Scott
case have on the nation?
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How did both the Missouri Compromise
and Compromise of 1850 contribute to
differences between free and enslaved
African Americans
The institution of slavery was allowed in
some new states while other states
allowed freedom for African Americans
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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The Problem
The Compromise of 1850 dealt mainly
with the Mexican Cession, and not with
the lands that were part of the
Louisiana Purchase.
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Provisions of the KansasNebraska Act
• Nebraska Territory was to be divided
into two territories— Kansas and
Nebraska.
• The settlers in each territory would
decide the issue of slavery by popular
sovereignty.
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The Argument for the Act
• Many people thought the act was fair
because the Compromise of 1850 had
applied popular sovereignty in New
Mexico and Utah.
• Southerners hoped slave owners from
Missouri would move into Kansas and
make Kansas a slave state.
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The Argument Against the Act
• The Missouri Compromise already
banned slavery in Kansas and
Nebraska. In effect, the KansasNebraska Act would overturn the
Missouri Compromise.
• Northerners protested by challenging
the Fugitive Slave Act.
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Violence Erupts in Kansas
• Kansas settlers were to settle the
slavery issue by popular sovereignty.
Proslavery and antislavery settlers
fought for control of Kansas.
Abolitionists brought in settlers from
New England. Proslavery settlers also
moved into Kansas, and proslavery
bands from Missouri —Border Ruffians
—often rode across the border into
Kansas.
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Violence Erupts in Kansas
• .
In 1855, Kansas held elections.
Border Ruffians voted illegally,
helping to elect a proslavery
legislature. Antislavery settlers
refused to accept the
legislature and elected their
own governor and legislature.
Kansas had two governments.
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Violence Erupts in Kansas
• Abolitionist John Brown led a band to the
town of Pottawatomie Creek and killed five
proslavery settlers there.
• The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to
more violence. Both sides engaged in
guerrilla warfare, or the use of hit-and-run
tactics. Newspapers started calling the
territory “Bleeding Kansas.”
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Violence Erupts in the Senate
• Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was the
leading abolitionist senator. In one speech
he denounced the proslavery legislature of
Kansas and viciously criticized his southern
foes, especially Senator Andrew Butler of
South Carolina.
• A few days later Butler’s nephew,
Congressman Preston Brooks, marched into
the Senate chamber and with his cane beat
Sumner until he was unconscious.
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The Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott filed a lawsuit, that is, a legal
case brought to settle a dispute
between people or groups. Dred Scott
had been enslaved in Missouri. He moved
with his owner to Illinois and then to the
Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was
not allowed. Scott with his owner returned
to Missouri. When his owner died, Scott
claimed that because he had lived in a
free territory, he had become a free man.
The case reached the Supreme Court
as Dred Scott v. Sandford.
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The Dred Scott Case
What did the Supreme Court decide?
• Scott could not file a lawsuit because,
as an enslaved person, he was not a
citizen.
• Slaves were considered to be property.
• Congress did not have the power to
outlaw slavery in any territory. This
decision meant the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional.
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Impact of Dred Scott Case
• White Southerners- were overjoyed. The
decision meant that slavery was legal in all
territories.
• African American northerners- condemned
the ruling and asked whites to join their
efforts to end slavery.
• White Northerners- were shocked. They had
hoped that if slavery were kept to the South,
it would eventually just die out. Now, slavery
could spread.
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How did economic opportunities for free
African Americans differ from enslaved
ones in the early 1800s?
Free African Americans could own some
property and had some rights while the
enslaved had no rights.
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The Republican Party
Emerges
• Why did the Republican party come
into being in the mid-1850s?
• What events lay behind the rapid
emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a
Republican leader?
• How did Americans react to John
Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry?
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The Republican Party
Emerges
Who formed the Republican Party?
• A group of Free-Soilers, northern
Democrats, and antislavery Whigs
Why did they form a new party?
• They believed that neither the Whigs
nor the Democrats would take a strong
enough stand against slavery.
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The Republican Party
Emerges
What was the goal of the party?
• Its main goal was to keep slavery out of
the western territories. A few
Republicans hoped to end slavery in
the South as well.
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How Abraham Lincoln Became
Leader
of the Republican Party
• Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky.
Later, he lived in Indiana and Illinois.
• Lincoln opened a store in Illinois. He
studied law and entered politics.
• He served eight years in the state
legislature and one term in Congress.
• He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, so
he ran for the Senate in 1858.
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How Abraham Lincoln Became
Leader
of the Republican Party
• During the Senate campaign, he debated
Stephen Douglas seven times.
– Lincoln: Slavery is wrong. African
Americans are entitled to all the natural
rights in the Declaration of Independence,
so slavery should not extend to the
territories. However, it can remain in the
states where it already exists.
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– Douglas: The slavery question
should be settled by popular
sovereignty.
• Douglas narrowly won the election.
However, during the campaign, Lincoln
became known throughout the country.
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The Impact of John Brown’s Raid
• In 1859, John Brown led followers,
including five African Americans, to
Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He planned to
raid a federal arsenal, or gun
warehouse.
• Brown took over the arsenal. He
expected that would inspire a slave
uprising, but none took place.
• Troops killed ten raiders and captured
Brown. He was tried for murder and
treason, or actions against one’s
country.
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The Impact of John Brown’s Raid
• Brown gave a moving defense of his
actions. Nevertheless he was found guilty
and sentenced to death. John Brown was
hanged.
• To many northerners, John Brown became a
martyr because he was willing to give up his
life for his beliefs.
• White southerners were outraged at the
northern response. Many southerners
became convinced that the North wanted to
destroy slavery and the South along with it.
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A Nation Divides
• How did the election of 1860 reflect
sectional divisions?
• How did the South react to the
election results?
• How did the Civil War begin in
1861?
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The Election of 1860
The Democratic party split into two
groups:
Northern Democrat and Southern
Democrat.
– Northern Democrats nominated
Stephen Douglas.
– Southern Democrats nominated John
Breckinridge.
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The Election of 1860
Some Americans tried to heal the
split by forming a new party, the
Constitutional Union party.
– The Constitutional Union party
nominated John Bell.
– The Republicans nominated Abraham
Lincoln
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How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• Many southerners thought that
Lincoln’s election meant the South no
longer had a voice in national
government.
• They believed the President and
Congress were against them.
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How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky
introduced a bill to extend the Missouri
Compromise line to the Pacific.
• He proposed an amendment to the
Constitution that would guarantee
slavery south of the compromise line
forever.
• His proposals received little support.
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How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• Other southerners believed secession
was their only choice.
• On December 20, 1860, South Carolina
became the first state to secede.
• By late February 1861, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Texas had followed.
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How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• At a convention in Montgomery,
Alabama, the seven states formed a
new nation, The Confederate States of
America. Jefferson Davis became its
president.
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How the Civil War Began
• When Lincoln took office, he
warned that no state could lawfully
leave the Union.
• Jefferson Davis had already ordered
Confederate forces to begin seizing
federal forts in the South.
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• President Lincoln had to make a
decision.
• Should he let Confederates take
over federal property and look like
he was admitting that states had a
right to leave the Union?
• Or should he send troops to hold
the forts and risk a war?
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• By April 1861, the Union held only
four forts in the South. Food
supplies at one—Fort Sumter in
South Carolina—were running low.
Lincoln notified the governor of
South Carolina that he was going to
ship food to Fort Sumter. He said he
would not send troops or weapons.
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• The Confederates demanded that Fort
Sumter surrender to them.
• The Union commander refused to give
in.
• The Confederates opened fire.
• The Union troops ran out of ammunition
and had to surrender.
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Economic differences prior to the Civil
War were that the North was more
industrial while the South was mostly
agricultural
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