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Personality and Values
Personality and Values;
• Are they related?
• What is the framework on the association
between the two?
• Does Personality explain values or opposite?
• What are values?
• In general, values are important and enduring beliefs
or ideals shared by the members of a culture about
what is good or desirable and what is not. Values exert
major influence on the behaviour of an individual and
serve as broad guidelines in all situations.
• According to Oxford dictionary (2009):
• Values are a person's principles or standards of
behaviour; one's judgment of what is important in life:
they internalize their parents' rules and values.
• The articles that will be presented:
• Bardi and Schwartz (2003): Values and Behavior:
Strength and Structure of Relations
• Parks & Guay (2009): Personality, Values and
Motivation
• McCrae and Sutin (2009): Openness to
Experience. In M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle (Eds.),
Handbook of Individual Differences in Social
Behavior (pp. 257-273)
• Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz and Knafo (2002): The Big
Five Personality Factors and Personal Values
Values according to Roccas et al.
(2002) 1
• Values are cognitive representations of desirable,
abstract goals (e.g., security, justice) (Rokeach, 1973;
Schwartz, 1992). Similar to needs, motives, and goals,
values motivate actions (Rohan, 2000; Seligman, Olson,
& Zanna, 1996). Values differ from specific goals
(Emmons, 1989; King, 1995; Roberts & Robins, 2001;
Winnel, 1987) because values are trans-situational.
• Unlike needs and motives (Bilsky, 1998; McClelland,
• 1985), values are inherently desirable and must be
represented in ways that enable people to
communicate about them.
Values according to Roccas et al.
(2002) 2
• Value theory developed by Schwartz (1992)
• Values as desirable, transsituational goals that
vary in their importance as guiding principals
in people’s lives.
• 10 different values depending on type of
motivational goal:
• Power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation,
self-direction, universalism, benevolence,
tradition, conformity, security.
Values according to Roccas et al.
(2002) 3
• the ten distinguish values and the structure of
their relations have been verified (Schwartz,
1992; Schwartz & Sagiv, 1995; unpublished
data).
• The set of 10 values has been used to explain
a wide variety of attitudes, behaviors, and
subjective states across many nations (see
Schwartz & Bardi, 2001).
Personality and values - are they
related?
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several differences between personality and values
Values: what we believe we ought to do
Personality: what we naturally tend to do
Personality traits do not conflict with one another (i.e.
simultaneously expressing Extraversion and
Conscientiousness)
• Values do conflict (some are chased at the cost of other)
• recent papers:
– Roccas et al (2002): FFM and Values
– Parks & Guay (2009): Personality, values, and motivation
– McCrae & Sutin (2009): NEO-PI-R facet O6: values
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Research done by Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz and Knafo
• The researchers relate Big Five personality traits to basic
values
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Hypotheses:
– Set of Hypotheses which relate every Big Five factor to
values
– each factor is compatible with some values and
incompatible with others
• Methodology: sample of 246 Israeli students (M age
22, 65 % women) completing questionnaires
• Instruments:
– Expanded Schwartz (1992) Value Inventory
– NEO-PI translated into Hebrew and abbreviated by Montag
& Lewin (1994)
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Results Extraversion:
-0.29
– Circular order correlation: 0.93
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Results Openness to experience:
-0.34
– Circular order correlation: 0.89
-0.29
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Results Agreeableness:
0.45
0.20
– Circular order correlation: 1.00
0.36
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Results Conscientiousness:
0.16
0.22
– No circular correlation (dual motivation traits)
The Big Five Personality Factors and
Personal Values
• Neuroticism shows low correlations
• Relations to religiosity and positive affect
– Values relate strongly to religiosity, weakly to positive
affect
– Personality relates vice versa
• Distinction of proactive and inhibitive aspects of
Conscientiousness
• Motivations blend into another
• Motivational goals form a circular continuum
(Schwartz, 1992)
Personality, values, and motivation
• review done by Parks & Guay
• constructs of personality and values have
been reviewed
• personality and values have different
influences on different motivational processes
• (untested) model how personality and values
influence motivation
Personality, values, and motivation
p. 678
Personality, values, and motivation
Proposed model:
p. 682
The best way to think about values
• McCrae and Sutin, 2009
o Openness to experience
o O’s social consequences
“Openness affects social perceptions…the
information of social attitudes, the choice of
friends and spouses, political activity and cultural
innovation.” (p. 1)
The best way to think about values
• Bardi and Schwartz, 2003:
o Explore the relation between values and common
behaviours: ‘value-expressive behaviour’
o Stimulation and tradition values correlate most
strongly with expected behaviours, and
conformity, achievement and security least
strongly
• Bardi and Schwartz, 2003:
o Most behaviour expresses more than one value
BEHAVIOUR
VALUE
BEHAVIOUR
VALUE
VALUE
BEHAVIOUR
• Bardi and Schwartz, 2003:
o More likely to influence decisions in choicebehaviour, eg from a conscious decision, rather
than spontaneous behaviour
o Correlations between values and behaviour are
weakened when social/normative pressure is
stronger.
The best way to think about values?
• Behaviour which expresses motivational goals
and normative pressures, and in turn affects
our social perceptions, interactions and
choices.
SUMMARY
• Values influence what we “ought” to do.
• Traits influence what we naturally tend to do.
• Values and Personality Traits can be seen to interact (Roccas et al. –
2002) in a way which makes sense, i.e. Extraversion with stimulation,
hedonism & achievement.
• Both values and traits have a role in goal accomplishment
-accomplishing a goal = striving for it, the level and manner in which
we strive is down to traits, the content of goals can be determined by
values (Parks & Guay – 2009)
• The trait Openness can be seen to contribute to values held – it effects
social choices, which can lead to value development (McCrae & Sutin –
2009)
• Values and Behaviour can be seen to interact (Bardi & Schwartz –
2003) . Values seem to be more likely to influence deliberated
decisions, rather than spontaneous ones (which can be put down to
traits)
• A value can end up expressing multiple behaviours, and multiple values
can interact to express a single behaviour.
FUTURE RESEARCH
• From Parker & Guay (2009)
- Research into self-set goals versus assigned goals, and
how values effect this.
“If values are related to the goals that individuals choose to pursue
independently, they may also be related to commitment to goals set by
others”
• this can be used to investigate how to increase
commitment to assigned goals (such as coursework,
presentations, etc.) to levels akin to self-set goals
(achieving the 256th level, eating all that pizza by
yourself, etc. . .)
• Which has obvious implications in the workplace and
education.
FUTURE RESEARCH CONT.
• From Roccas et al. (2002)
- Future research needs to help establish any
cross-cultural aspects of traits and values. If a
consistent model is found, then traits and values
could be seen to be a genetic or heritable part of
ourselves.
• From Bardi & Schwartz (2003)
- shift in methodology from retrospective and
biased self-report to observer report in varied
settings over a long time, or a combination of the
two.
RELATIONSHIP WITH POLITICS
• Presumably, then, if traits and values can be
seen to be related, then can values and
political inclination be linked? And does that
mean that, ultimately, traits can influence
political inclination through the gateway of
values?
• Stay tuned.
References
• Bardi, A. & Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Values and behaviour: Strength
and structure of relations. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 29, 1207-1220.
• Caprara, G. V., Schwartz, S., Capanna, C., Vecchione, M. &
Barbaranelli, C. (2006). Personality and politics: Values, traits and
political choice. Political Psychology, 27(1), 1-28.
• McCrae, R. R., & Sutin, A. R. (2009). Openness to experience. In M.
R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of Individual Differences
in Social Behaviour (pp.257-273). New York: Guilford.
• Parks, L. & Guay, R. P. (2009). Personality, values and motivation.
Personality and Individual Differences 47, 675-684.
• Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H. & Knafo, A. (2002). The big five
personality factors and personal values. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28,
789-801.