Download Understanding Human Differences

Understanding
Human Differences
Multicultural Education for a Diverse America
3rd Edition
By
Kent L. Koppelman
The Conceptual Framework
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Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 0
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 3
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
SECTION 1
Examining and Understanding
INDIVIDUAL
Attitudes and Actions
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding
Human Differences
Multicultural Education for a Diverse America
3rd Edition
By
Kent L. Koppelman
Section 1
Chapter 1
Understanding Ourselves & Others:
Clarifying Values and Language
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
What is the difference
between
BELIEFS
and
VALUES
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
BELIEFS
are inferences about reality:
• Descriptive
(Ships appear to sink below the horizon,
therefore the world is round.)
• Evaluative
(Churchill acknowledged the problems of
democracy, but based on his experience he
believed it was the best form of government.)
• Prescriptive
(Many educators believe that if students help
create rules for the classroom, they are more
likely to abide by them.)
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
ATTITUDES
consist of a cluster
of BELIEFS
VALUES are a
combination of
ATTITUDES that will
generate choices and
actions
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
The Relationship of VALUES,
BELIEFS, ATTITUDES & CHOICES
Kniker, C. You and values education. Copyright © 1979.
Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 11
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
The Role of VALUES
in Human Differences
What is the
relationship between
a person’s
VALUES
and
BEHAVIORS
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Studies report a
consistent inconsistency
between the VALUES
expressed by individuals
and the ACTIONS they
take.
VALUES
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
=
Preface/Chapter 1 - 13
ACTIONS
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
What inconsistencies
exist between
American VALUES
and
American BEHAVIORS
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 14
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
American VALUES
emphasize individuality,
yet we demand conformity
American VALUES
emphasize equality,
yet we have the highest
economic and social
inequality of all
industrialized societies
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 15
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Adults have traditionally taught
VALUES to children by:
1- Setting an example
(role model)
2 - Enforcing rules and regulations
(tardy passes teach promptness)
3 - Persuading or convincing
(winning the argument)
4 - Appealing to one’s conscience
(Don’t you think you should share?)
5 - Offering limited choices
(Play nice with Susie or go to your room)
6 - Providing inspirational material/experiences
(religious retreats)
7 - Reinforcing religious or cultural dogma
(The Bible says so)
(We’ve always done it this way)
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 16
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
How does the way
VALUES are taught
explain the
inconsistency between
VALUES
and
BEHAVIOR
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Each of the seven ways of
teaching VALUES represents
INDOCTRINATION:
- trying to get someone else
to believe and value exactly
what you believe and value
Children may learn
“what is right,” but
they may only SAY it
and not DO it.
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Defining
Terms Related to
Human Differences
Bias:
A preference or inclination,
favorable or unfavorable,
which inhibits impartial
judgment
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Examples of Bias:
Self-Serving Bias:
Believing information that is
beneficial to self-interest and
goals
Expectancy Bias:
Looking for information,
pursuing information and
drawing conclusions that
reinforce one’s beliefs
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 20
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Defining
Terms Related to
Human Differences
Stereotype:
A positive or negative trait
or traits ascribed to a
certain group and to most
members of that group
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 21
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
A Note about Stereotypes:
Some stereotypes may be
considered positive:
- all blacks are athletic
- all women are nurturing
These still have a negative impact
by interfering with an accurate
perception of another individual
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 22
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Defining
Terms Related to
Human Differences
Prejudice:
A negative attitude toward a group
and persons perceived to be
members of that group; being
predisposed to behave negatively
toward members of the group
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 23
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Defining
Terms Related to
Human Differences
Bigotry:
Extreme negative attitudes
leading to hatred of a group and
persons regarded as members
of the group
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 24
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Defining
Terms Related to
Human Differences
Discrimination:
Actions or practices carried out by a
member(s) of dominant groups, or their
representatives, that have a differential
and negative impact on a member(s) of
subordinate groups
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 25
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
What is the difference
between RACE,
ETHNICITY, and
NATIONALITY
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 26
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
RACE
is an unscientific, social concept
of human difference based on
skin color
as compared to
ETHNICITY
which refers to the cultural origins
of one’s family
(when the parents have different cultural origins their
children may identify with one more than the other)
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 27
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
ETHNICITY
which refers to the cultural
origins of one’s family
(when the parents have different cultural origins their
children may identify with one more than the other)
ETHNICITY is not the same as
NATIONALITY which refers
to the nation of one’s citizenship
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 28
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Humans historically
have organized people
into GROUPS
Yet DNA research on
genetic variation occurs:
85% within groups
15% between groups
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 29
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Español y Mestiza = Castiza
Español y India = Mestiza
Español y Castiza = Español
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 30
“Castas” by Francisco Clapera,
c. 1775, Jan & Frederick Mayer
Collection, Denver Art Museum
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
What are
MINORITY GROUPS
and why are they
so named
MINORITY GROUPS are
socially defined subordinate
groups in a society that have
less power than the members
of the dominant (majority)
group
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 31
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
How have LABELS
been used to define
and control
MINORITY GROUPS
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 32
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Derisive LABELS such as
“spic,” “bitch,” or “fag” create
negative images
Sanctioned LABELS such
as “mentally retarded” suggests
that cognitive functioning
defines all a person does and is
used to justify limiting that
person’s activities.
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 33
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
LABELS & STEREOTYPES
LABELS: If someone is
labeled “mentally ill” they
are often perceived as…
Stereotype: a potentially
violent person
Reality: only 3-5% of violent
acts in the U.S. are committed by
mentally ill people
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 34
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
What is the impact of
LABELS on
individuals who are
labeled
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 35
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Age 4: Children understand
that skin color is permanent
Age 8: Children are aware
of social stigmas attached
to certain skin colors
Some children reject derisive
terms for their group
Other children may internalize
these negative judgments
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 36
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
How are negative
BUREAUCRATIC terms
as harmful as social
derisive terms
BUREAUCRATIC terms used in
scholarly writing and government
reports become DERISIVE when
associated with negative images
“inner city residents”
“welfare recipients”
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 37
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
How has our society
responded to social
problems experienced
by minority groups
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 38
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Exceptionalistic – Social
problems regarded as individual,
unpredictable, requiring solutions
that address unique issues of an
INDIVIDUAL
Individual problems may
be a consequence of
- defect
- accident
- circumstance
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 39
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Universalistic –
Problems regarded as
systemic, predictable,
requiring research to identify
causes of problems affecting
MANY PEOPLE
Societal problems viewed as
a consequence of
Imperfect or Inequitable
Social Arrangements
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 40
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Understanding Human Differences
3rd Edition - Koppelman
Preface/Chapter 1 - 41
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc