Download Endocrine System

Endocrine System
ST 120
Day # 1
Objectives
 Medical Terminology
 Location of the Endocrine Glands
 Hormones, steroid, non-steroid
 Discuss the function of the following
 Endocrine glands
 Pituitary
 Hypothalmus
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Related Diseases
Functions of the Endocrine System
 Hormone Secretion
 Communication
 Control
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Endocrine System
Organs
ALL organs of the Endocrine System
are Glands
ALL Glands are not organs of the
Endocrine System
Glands
WHERE DO THESE GLANDS
SECRETE THEIR PRODUCTS?
Endocrine- Into the
bloodstream
Exocrine- Into ducts
Endocrine System
Medical Terminology
 Endocrinologist-
A specialist in DX and
treatment of malfunctions of
the Endocrine system
 Endocrinopathy- Endocrine system disease
 Hypercrinism- Excessive secretion of any gland
 Hypocrinism- A condition caused by a secretion
deficiency of any gland
QUESTION?????
What are the functions of the Endocrine
System?????
Hormones
A substance secreted by an Endocrine Gland
FUNCTION
 Regulates
Metabolism
 Growth and Development
 Reproduction
 Homeostasis
Function of the Endocrine System
HOW DO HORMONES KNOW WHERE TO GO???
THEY DON’T!!!!!
HOW DO HORMONES GET WHERE THEY NEED TO GO???
Receptor Sites – Target Cells
Hormones
TWO Major Classes of Hormones
Steroid Hormones
• Metabolism control
• Inflammation control
• Salt water balance
• Sexual characteristic
development
• Ability to withstand
illness, injury
 Non-Steroid
Hormones
• Whole Proteins
• “First Messenger”
• Delivers message to
receptor
Hormones
Tropic Hormones
Hormones that control the release of
other hormones.
Can release hormones
Can inhibit release of hormones
Non-Steroid Hormones
How do they function??????
 Delivers chemical message from cells of endocrine
gland to target organ
 Highly specific receptor sites of target organ receive
chemical message (AMP)
 Chemical reactions occur
 Molecules called Second Messengers are activated
 Second Messengers activate hormone in target organ
Non-Steroid Hormones
LOCK and KEY
Model
Interaction between hormone and receptor cell
Non- Steroid Hormones
QUESTION?????
What are the functions of hormones???
QUESTION?????
Describe the lock and key model.
QUESTION?????
Explain how the second messenger works.
Steroid Hormones
HOW DO THEY FUNCTION??????
 Can pass directly from endocrine gland
into the target organ cell.
(Steroid hormones are generally lipids)
 They bind with receptors in the nucleus
They bind with DNA in the nucleus
Lock and Key Model
Steroid Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Examples of Steroid Hormones
 Aldosterone
 Cortisol
 Androgens
 Estrogens
 Progesterone
Testosterone
Feedback Loops
Negative Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System
Feedback Loops
Positive Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System
Amplifies Changes
Example- Increase of Oxytocin for Uterine
contractions
Endocrine System
Prostaglandins
 Tissue Hormones
 Found in a variety of tissues
 Play important role in communication
 Believed to influence AMP
QUESTION?????
Give three examples of steroid hormones
Pituitary Gland
Located in the cranium on the Sella Turcica
Pituitary Gland
AKA- The Master Gland
Two Divisions
Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis
Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis
Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
Secretes -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) pg 498
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
Anterior Pituitary
QUESTION?????
What is the Adenohypophysis???
QUESTION?????
What are the hormones secreted by the
Anterior Pituitary? Name one of their functions
Posterior Pituitary
Secretes- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Oxytocin
Medical Terminology
Hypoglycemia- lower than normal blood glucose
concentration. Too much insulin
in the blood
Hyperglycemia- higher than normal blood glucose
concentration
Diuretic- increasing volume of urine excreted
Diabetes Insipidus- Caused by insufficient production
ADH
Abnormalities of GH
Gigantism- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
During developmental years
Dwarfism- Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone
During developmental years
Acromegaly- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
After developmental years
Pituitary Adenoma- A benign tumor causes excess
hormone secretion
Treatment
Hypophysectomy- radiation or surgery to remove
all or part of the pituitary
Human Growth Hormone Therapy- Synthetic used
to stimulate growth hormone
Hypothalmus
-Produces ADH and Oxytocin
-Sends message down axons to posterior pituitary
-Posterior pituitary releases ADH and Oxytocin
-Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones
-Travels down blood capillaries to anterior pituitary
-Anterior pituitary releases hormones
Hypothalmus
Helps to maintain homeostasis
QUESTION?????
Explain how Oxytocin moves from the
hypothalamus, to the blood stream
Thyroid Gland
Function is to regulate body’s metabolism
Secretes - Thyroxine
- Triiodothyronine
- Calcitonin
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland is DIFFERENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-Stores thyroid hormones in colloid compound
-Colloid material is stored in the follicles of the gland
-Hormones are released from colloid into blood when
needed
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Calcitonin- Decreases blood calcium concentration
- Inhibits bone breakdown
- Prevents hypercalcemia- excessive calcium
in the blood.
Thyroid Conditions
Hypothyroidism- deficiency of thyroid secretion
Hyperthyroidism- Excess of thyroid secretion
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis- Autoimmune disorder, immune
system attacks thyroid can lead to Goiter’s
Grave’s disease- Autoimmune disorder, hyperthyroidism.
Goiter, exophthalmos
Parathyroid Gland
Function- regulate calcium levels
Secretes- Parathyroid/Parathormone
Regulates- Calcium Levels in the blood
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Conditions
Hypoparthyroidism- insufficient or absent secretion
Of parathyroid. Hypocalcemia can lead to tetany
Hyperparathyroidism- over production of PTH
Can lead to weakened bones, kidney stone formation
Tetany- Abnormal condition, followed by muscle
spasms
Opposites
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QUESTION?????
What would happen if the thyroid produced an
excess of Calcitonin?
QUESTION?????
What is the antagonist for Calcitonin?
QUESTION?????
What causes a goiter? Where can a goiter be
found? Why do most people today not get
goiters?
Day 2
Endocrine System
Objectives- Function of Adrenal Glands
- Related diseases
- Function of Pancreas
- Related diseases
- Medical Terminology
Adrenal Glands
Located one on top of each kidney
Function - Controls electrolyte levels
- Regulates Metabolism
- Interaction with sympathetic
nervous system
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Glands
Each Adrenal gland consist of two parts
Adrenal Cortex- Outer portion
Adrenal medulla- Inner Portion
Adrenal Cortex
There are three layers in the Adrenal cortex
Outer Zone – Secretes Mineralocorticoids
Middle Zone- Secretes Glucocorticoids
Inner Zone - Secretes Sex Hormones
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone- Primary mineralocorticoid
-Steroid Hormone
-Increase the amount of sodium
-Decrease the amount of potassium
-Speeds up kidney reabsorption of
water
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol- Primary glucocorticoid
- Steroid Hormone
-Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates
fats, proteins
-Influence Blood Pressure
-Anti-inflammatory effect
-Maintains normal blood glucose concentration
Gluocorticoids
Gluconeogenesis
 Process
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of converting amino acids, fatty acids to glucose
Amino acids move out of tissue cells into
blood
• Circulates to liver
• Liver changes them to glucose
• Leaves liver cells and enters blood
Gluocorticoids
Anti-immunity, antiallergy effect
• Decrease number of cells that produce anti-bodies
Anti-inflammatory effect
• Hydrocortisone
Gluocorticoids
Stress- extreme stimuli act on the body
• The body’s first response is to release glucocorticoids
• Surgery, hemorrhage, infections, severe burns, intense
emotions
Sex Hormones
Androgen- Primary Hormone
• In
BOTH Males and Females
• Stimulates sex drive in females
• Has no significant effect on males
Questions?????
Explain the process of glycogneogenesis
What is the function of Mineral corticoids?
What are the two divisions of the adrenal gland?
Adrenal Pathology
•Adrenalitis- inflammation of adrenal glands
•Addison’s disease- Adrenal glands do not produce
enough cortisol
Cause- Disorder of adrenal glands, inadequate
secretion of ACTH by pituitary gland
•Aldosteronism- electrolyte abnormality caused by
excessive secretion of aldosterone
•Cushing’ s Syndrome- Prolonged exposure to high levels
of cortisol
Adrenal Medulla
Function – Helps with Stress (Fight or Flight)
Secretes – Epinephrine or Norepinephrine
Not necessary for life!!!!!
Receives impulse from the nerves, acts quickly
Adrenal Medulla
STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!
WAS YOUR ADRENAL MEDULLA WORKING
DURING YOUR FINAL EXAM?????????????
OR WAS IT YOUR ADRENAL CORTEX?????
Discuss
STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!
Epinephrine prolongs , intensifies changes
In the body
Hypothalmus acts on the anterior pituitary
To release ACTH.
This stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids
Questions????
Name two hormones that can be considered part of
A negative feedback loop?
What is ACTH, and what does it do?
Endocrine System
Day # 3
ST 120
Objectives
 Function and structure of following glands
Pancreatic islets
 Ovaries
 Testes
 Thymus
 Pineal Gland
 Placenta
 Medical terminology
 Related Diseases
 Review
Pancreas???
The Pancreas in itself is part of the digestive system.
Then Why……..is it listed as part of the Endocrine
System???????
Islets cells within the Pancreas have endocrine
function. AKA Islets of Langerhans
Islets of Langerhans
Pancreatic Islets
Function- Controls Blood Sugar
Two kinds of cells in pancreatic islets
• Glucagon (alpha cells)
• Insulin (beta cells)
Glucagon
Accelerates a process called liver glycogenolysis
A chemical process by which glycogen is converted
to glucose in the liver.
It leaves liver cells and enters the blood
Other hormones increase blood sugar- Glucocorticoids, GH
Insulin
Function- decreases blood sugar
Insulin is secreted into the blood
Sugar moves from blood into cells, liver
Stored as energy reserve
Diabetes
Type 1- AKA insulin-dependant
- juvenile diabetes
- Autoimmune insulin deficiency
disorder
Hyposecretion of insulin
Diabetes
Type 2- AKA non-insulin dependant
- adult onset
- insulin is produced
- insulin is not used effectively
- body tries to compensate by
secreting more insulin
Diabetes Symptoms
 Increased urination (polyuria)
 Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
 Excessive hunger (polyphagia)
 Weight loss
 Blurred vision
 Extreme fatigue
 Slow healing
 Recurring infections
 Tingling sensations
Gestational Diabetes
Develops during pregnancy
Overweight women more susceptible
Disappears after birth in most cases
More likely to develop type 2 diabetes
Diabetic Emergencies
DO call 911
Hypoglycemia-Shock
Hyperglycemia- Coma
Questions??????????
What is the difference between Type 1, and Type 2
diabetes?
Explain glycogenolysis
Explain glyconeogenesis
Questions??????????
What is polyuria?
What is peripheral neuropathy?
Ovaries
Function- Female developmental characteristics
- Pregnancy
Located in the abdominopelvic
cavity
Secretes- Estrogens, Progesterones
- Relaxin
Relaxin- Dilates cervix, relaxes symphysis pubis
spermotility
Ovaries
Two different types of glandular tissue
Ovarian Follicles- A pocket where ova develops
- Secretes Estrogen
Corpus Luteum- Secretes Progesterone
Ovaries
Female Hormones
Estrogen – Ovarian Follicles/Corpus Luteum
-“feminizing hormone”
- development of breasts
- external genitalia
- body contours
Progesterone- Corpus Luteum/Placenta
- Released during the second
half of menstrual cycle
- Complete preparations for
pregnancy
Placenta
Function- Allows for exchange of nutrients
oxygen, waste products during
pregnancy.
Secretes- Progesterone, Estrogen
Chorionic gonadotropins
Chorion – outermost membrane surrounds baby
in utero
Medical Terminology
• Gonads- Sex organs
- Produces gametes
• Gametes- reproductive cell
• Gonadotropic Hormone- Any hormone that
stimulates the gonads
Questions?????????
Which Hormone(s) are secreted by the ovarian
Follicles?
What is the male gamete?
What is the function of progesterone if fertilization
of the ova does not take place?
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Testicles
Located in the scrotum
Function- Produce male sex cells,
- Testosterone
- Semen
Secretes- Testosterone
Inhibin
Inhibin- Inhibits secretion of FSH for sperm control
Testicle
Semen - Liquid portion of male reproductive
fluid
- Produced in ducts and glands
Testosterone- secreted from interstitial cells
within the testicles
Testosterone
“Maculinizing Hormone”
-Maturation of external genitals
-Beard growth
-Voice change
-Muscular development
-Change in body contours
Medical Terminology
• Hypergonadism- Excessive secretion
of sex gland hormones
•Hypogonadism- Deficient secretion
of sex gland hormones
•Gynecomastia- Excessive mammary development
in males
Question??????????
What is the difference between semen and sperm?
Testosterone is responsible for developing what
Characteristics in males?
Thymus
Function- Important role in body’s immune
system
Secretes- Thymosin- Stimulates Maturation
of lymphocytes , T-cells
Location- Mediastinum
Behind the sternum
Diseases of Thymus
Thymitis- Inflammation of the Thymus
Thymoma- Usually benign tumor
Pineal Gland
Function- ??????????????
Part of body’s internal clock
Secretes- Melantonin
Location- Central portion of the brain
Third Eye- receives and responds to sensory information
from optic nerve
Melatonin
• Increases at night
• Decreases during the day
• Influences sleep and wakefulness
• Inhibits tropic hormones of the ovaries
• Possibly regulates the onset of puberty
Other Endocrine Structures
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Kidneys
Stomach
Intestines
Atrium of the heart
• Leptin- a hormone that is thought to
regulate satiety
Questions????????
What is the primary function of the Thymus?
What effect does Melantonin have?
What is the Chorion?
Questions?????????
Where are the following Endocrine
Glands located??
•Hypothalmus
•Thymus
•Pancreas
•Adrenals
•Testes
•Ovaries