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Transcript
Binaural Hearing and Human Sound Localization Jens Blauert, Bochum ακούειν (akúın) to hear Acoustics Physics Physics Psychophysics Psychophysics “sounds” “sounds” “sensations” “sensations” acoustic event auditory event Head-Related Coordinate System Some Key Words Effect of Head Movement Binaural Hearing and Human Sound Localization - Introductory remarks Directional hearing in the median sagittal plane Directional hearing with sounds from lateral directions Distance perception and inside-the-head locatedness Summing localization Auditory precedence and the echo threshold The effect of interaural decorrelation Binaural signal detection Suppression of reverberance and coloration Summary Directional Hearing Directional hearing in the median sagittal plane in the Median Sagittal Plane directional bands boosted bands 1/3 oct noise Directional Hearing in the Median Plane Directional Hearing with Sounds from Lateral Directions ear axis Lateralization attenuators delay lines Generation of ITDs and ILDs Lateralization Blur for ILDs Lateralization Due to ILDs Lateralization Blur for ITDs right ear left ear ITD-Lateralization Cues Lateralization due to ITDs (broad-band signals) Distance Perception Inside-the-Head Locatedness Summing Localization Auditory Precedence Echoes Standard Stereo-Listening Arrangement Summing Localization for Broad-Band Sounds Ear Signals for Impulsive Sounds in Stereo Summing Localization with Sideways Loudspeakers after Plenge & Theile primary auditory event broadband sounds echo Auditory Effects with Two Coherent Sound Sources Summing localization Precedence Effect Echo Threshold signal: running speech of 50 syllables/s delay of the reflection Precedence Effect, Haas Effect and Backward Inhibition The Effect of Interaural Decorrelation Some Further Key Words 3 independent noise generators Controlling the Degree of Coherence Spatial Extent of the Auditory Event as a Function of Interaural Correlation after Dubrovski & Cherniak, 1966 The Perceptive Phenomena of „Auditory Spaciousness“ Pioneer researches e.g., Kuhl, West, Marshall, Barron, Schroeder, Morimoto Binaural Signal Detection Suppression of Reverberance and Coloration The Binaural Intellegibility–Level Difference, BILD Cherry’s Experiment reverberant chamber threshold of perceptibility degree of AM, m reverb anechoic Binaural Suppression of Reverberance Danilenko’s Experiment Advantages of Binaural Hearing higher localization accuracy, lower blur better source segregation (transparency) suppression of undesired signals (cocktail-party effect) suppression of coloration and reverberance (better articulation) >> clearer auditory perspective<< better sense of envelopment higher auditory source width (auditory spaciousness) >> better spatial impression<< Higher Quality of the „Acoustics“! Thank You for Your Attention [email protected] www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ika More details regarding the topic of this lecture can be found in Jens Blauert (1997) Spatial Hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization published by The MIT Press, Harvard MA, ISBN 0-262-02413-6 TASK A Young men and women (about 30 years old) have applied to be admitted to a school for airline pilots. For being accepted, they must have very good spatial-hearing capabilities. This is necessary, among other reasons, because they have to respond correctly to signals from auditory displays in the cockpit. Outline a battery of perceptual tests which could be used to evaluate these capabilities. (a) What would you measure? (b) Which methods would you apply? (c) What equipment would you need? TASK B The binaural-hearing capabilities of elderly people (over 65 years) are to be evaluated by means of routine screening tests. The goal is to assess their abilities to localize sounds in space and to communicate under acoustically adverse conditions. The information is needed , among other reasons, to decide if hearings aids should be applied to them – and, if yes, which kind of these? Outline a battery of perceptual tests that could be used to evaluate these capabilities. (a) What would you measure? (b) Which methods would you apply? (c) What equipment would you need?
