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OVERTURE
TO THE “OLDS” IN THE ROOM
“NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE
PLASURE WE FEEL WHEN HEARING
SOMETHING ALREADY KNOWN”
Enrico FERMI
HERA HAS BEEN CLOSED,
LHC IS BEING OPENING
(NEAR PAST AND NEAR FUTURE OF
PARTICLE PHYSICS)
Carlos García Canal
Universidad Nacional de La Plata
II LAWHEP
PARTICLE PHYSICS:
NEAR PAST AND NEAR FUTURE
. GENERAL ACCOUNT ON THE EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS OF THE RECENTLY CLOSED DESYHAMBURG HERA ACCELERATOR.
. PRESENTATION OF THE PHYSICS EXPECTED TO BE
REVEALED BY THE LHC-CERN ACCELERATOR
BEGINNING TO DELIVER DATA IN LESS THAN A YEAR.
. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THIS INFORMATION ON
THE THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS.
PARTICLE PHYSICS
29.300
FROM M. MANGANO
ON JUNE 30, 2007, DATA TAKING AT THE ELECTRON-PROTON
STORAGE RING HERA AT DESY WILL COME TO AN END:
FOR 15 YEARS THE PARTICLE PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS AT
HERA HAVE PROVIDED A UNIQUE AND DETAILED PICTURE
OF THE PROTON AND THE INTERACTING FORCES SAID
PROF. ROLF-DIETER HEUER, RESEARCH DIRECTOR AT DESY
GENEVA, 22 JUNE 2007:
SPEAKING AT THE 142nd SESSION OF THE CERN COUNCIL TODAY,
THE ORGANIZATION´S DIRECTOR GENERAL ROBERT AYMAR
ANNOUNCED THAT THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC) WILL
START UP IN MAY 2008, TAKING THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS
STUDYING PHYSICS AT A NEW HIGH-ENERGY FRONTIER
TODAY – PHYSICS - TODAY
FUNDAMENTAL
SYMMETRIES
EINSTEIN 1905: SPECIAL THEORY OF
RELATIVITY
WIGNER DIXIT:
EINSTEIN´S WORK MARKS THE INVERSION OF A
TENDENCY, FORMERLY THE INVARIANCE PRINCIPLES
WERE OBTAINED FROM THE LAWS OF MOVEMENT.
NOW IT IS NATURAL FOR US TO OBTAIN THE LAWS OF
NATURE AND PROVE THEIR VALIDITY BY MEANS OF
THE INVARIANCE LAWS.
GAUGE SYMMETRY
ENGINE OF THE PRESENT DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIFICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
STANDARD MODEL
´T HOOFT DIXIT:
“TEMPORARY SOLUTION TO NEARLY A CENTURY
OF QUESTIONS”
GAUGE FIELD THEORY
(QCD)
(EW)
+ MECANISMO DE HIGGS
. ONE OF THE GREATEST SUCCESS OF PHYSICS
. COMPRISES PRACTICALLY ALL THAT IS KNOWN OF
THE SUBATOMIC WORLD IN A CONCISE SET OF
PRINCIPLES AND EQUATIONS.
. EXCEEDED EXPERIMENTAL TESTS IN ENERGY
RANGES VERY DISTANT FROM THE ONES INCLUDED
IN ITS ORIGINAL DESIGN
CHARACTERS
1st. GENERATION
COUPLING CONSTANTS
IS NOT COMPLETE !!!
. AESTHETICAL DEFICIENCIES . PHENOMENA NOT INCLUDED
CAUSE OF THE SYMMETRY BREAKING ?
GAUGE INTERACTIONS UNIFY ?
GRAVITY ?
DARK MATTER ?
DARK ENERGY ?
SOMETHING ELSE ?
…
COLLIDERS
BEAMS OF
ACCELERATED
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS COLLIDE FRONTALLY
ELECTRONS and / or PROTONS
ELECTRON COLLIDER
ELECTRONS ARE “ELEMENTARY”
WELL DEFINED INITIAL STATE
SMALL
SMALL
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
INITIAL BREMSSTRAHLUNG WELL KNOWN
STANDARD MODEL MACHINE
Zº PHYSICS
MASS
WIDTH
COUPLING Zº TO FERMIONS
ASYMMETRIES
LEPTON UNIVERSALITY
WEIBERG ANGLE
FAMILY PICTURE
CROSS SECTION DIVERGES
ANOTHER DIAGRAMM
Zº TO CURE!
PROTON COLLIDER (TEVATRON)
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION NOT IMPORTANT
CROSS SECTION LARGE
MANY EVENTS
PROTON HAS COMPONENTS
(COLLISION AMONG COMPONENTS SHARING THE PROTON MOMENTUM)
Ex:
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
PARTON-PARTON CROSS SECTION
MOMENTUM FRACTION
TEVATRON
ACCESS TO THE PHYSICS OF THE STANDARD MODEL
B PHYSICS
QCD
ELECTROWEAK
HIGGS SEARCH
W MASS WITH GREATER PRECISION
PRODUCTION OF WW AND WZ PAIRS
QCD WITH PHOTONS
JETS
PHYSICS OF THE TOP
CP VIOLATION IN B
CABBIBO-KOBAYASHI-MASKAWA MATRIX
ELECTRON AND PROTON COLLIDERS
COMPLEMENTARY
PROVIDE “CLEAN” EXPERIMENTS (STANDARD MODEL)
(PRECISION)
PROVIDE ENOUGH ENERGY FOR DISCOVERIES
(POTENTIALITY)
ELECTRON - PROTON COLLIDER
HERA
ELECTROWEAK PROBE TO ANALYSE
THE PROTON STRUCTURE
“RESOLVING POWER”
SCATTERING OF A LEPTON BY A
PROTON (AT HIGH ENOUGH
)
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF THE
LEPTON BY A POINTLIKE
CONSTITUENT (INCOHERENT) OF
THE PROTON (PARTON)
(SIZE RESOLVED IN THE PROTON)
EMISION AND ABSORTION OF GLUONS
MEASURED AT
PROVIDES EVOLUTION IN
BINDED
SEA
2
Q LARGER
MORE PARTONS
INVOLVED WITH LOWER x
FUNCTIONS OF
VALENCE
RADIATIVELY CREATED SEA
SLAC 1970
PROTON
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
VALENCE QUARKS
EXCELENT MEASUREMENTS OF ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS IN DIS
(NEGATIVE CHARGE)
LINEAR GROWING
DOMINANT
LINEAR GROWING
SLOPE = INTERSECTION
PROTON [AT LARGE RESOLUTION (
VALENCE STRUCTURE
)] HAS
WEAKNESS OF WEAK
AND
SLOW
FASTER
UNIFICATION
AT A LARGE MOMENTUM TRANSFER, THE CROSS SECTIONS OF
CHARGED (W) AND NEUTRAL (PHOTON + Z) CURRENTS ARE
EQUAL
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC AND WEAK FORCES HAVE THE SAME
INTENSITY!!!
W BOSONS ARE LEFTISTS!!!
CC CROSS SECTION AS A FUNCTION OF
and
POLARIZATION
QUARKS
POINTLIKE
10% OF DIS EVENTS !!!
IMPACT OF HERA IN LHC
. DISTRIBUTION OF PARTONS MEASURED
IN HERA FUNDAMENTAL FOR EVENT
PREDICTIONS IN LHC
. DIFRACTION IN HERA (GAPS) ALLOW TO
QUANTIFY RESCATTERING IN LHC
EXPLORES AN ENERGY SCALE (and d)
TOTALLY NEW
OBJECTIVES
HIGGS SEARCH
NEW PHYSICS SEARCH
SUPERSYMMETRY
EXTRA DIMENSIONS
“SEARCH” OF WHAT IS NOT SEARCHED !
LHC BUILDING
ATLAS
CMS
FIRST STEPS
UNDERSTANDING THE DETECTORS
MEASURING JETS AND COMPARISON WITH QCD
CALIBRATION OF ENERGY
EVENTS WITH W AND Z
PHYSICS OF THE TOP LOST ENERGY
SEARCH FOR THE HIGGS
HIGGS
(FROM RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS ANALYSIS)
ONE ROAD TO HIGGS:
ALL
GLUONS IN THE PROTON
QCD COUPLING
HIGGS COUPLING
GAUGE COUPLING
QUANTUM THEORY (LOOPS)
VIRTUAL PARTICLES
THEORY
BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL
ORIGIN OF THE MASSES
(HIGGS + SOMETHING) (CONFINEMENT)
UNIFICATION (?)
QUANTUM THEORY AND GENERAL RELATIVITY
(STRINGS (?))
LARGE EXTRA DIMENSIONS
SUPERSYMMETRY
UNPARTICLES
SUSY
PREDICTS THE EXISTENCE OF A NEW WORLD OF
PARTICLES WITH MASSES IN THE RANK OF TeV
(SUPERSYMMETRIC MATES OF THE KNOWN PARTICLES)
THEY HAVE:
THE SAME QUANTUM NUMBERS BUT THEIR SPINS DIFFER IN ½
DIFFERENT MASSES (THEY DID NOT APPEAR)
GAUGINOS (S=1/2) : WINO, ZINO, GLUINO, FOTINO
SPARTICLES (S=0) : SQUARKS, SLEPTONS
HIGGSINOS, GRAVITINOS, …
R PARITY
R = (-1)
3B+L+2S
NORMAL:
SUSY :
R= +1
R= -1
B: BARYON NUMBER
L: LEPTON NUMBER
S: SPIN
B, L, S CONSERVED
R CONSERVED
LIGHTEST SUSY PARTICLE
(WITH R = -1)
SHOULD BE STABLE
MANIFESTATIONS OF SUSY
JETS + TME
SQUARKS/GLUINOS
EQUAL SIGN DILEPTONS + TME
GLUINOS
t t + TME
PHOTONS + TME
STOP
SUSY BREAKING
http://mlm.web.cern.ch/mlm/talks/Mangano-Bern.pdf
SUPERSYMMETRY
STABILIZING THE HIGGS MASS
ENABLING UNIFICATION
PROVIDING DARK MATTER CANDIDATE
UNIFICATION (3 + 2 + 1)
LSP STABLE AT COSMOLOGICAL SCALES!!!
THERMAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE
RELIC DENSITY APPROPRIATE TO PROVIDE
DARK MATTER
CORRECT ABUNDANCE AND VERY WEAK INTERACTION
HIERARCHY PROBLEM
BLACK HOLE MASS
WHY
IS 16 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE HIGHER
THAN
?
POSSIBLE ANSWER :
EXTRA DIMENSIONS IN THE UNIVERSE
EXTRA DIMENSIONS UP TO
(UP TO WHERE THE BEHAVIOR WAS MEASURED
OF GRAVITY)
But:
FORCES
ARE SENSITIVE TO THE EXTRA DIMENSIONS!
ORDINARY MATTER LIVES IN
DIMENSIONS
WIDTH OF EXTRA DIMENSIONS
IN EXTRA DIMENSIONS ONLY GRAVITY
(BULK)
EFFECTIVE SCALE FROM A FUNDAMENTAL
IN LARGER DIMENSIONS
IF
IS LARGE
(PLANCK MASS IN
IF
)
CONTACT BETWEEN GRAVITY
AND PARTICLE SCALES !
SPECTACULAR
BLACK HOLE PRODUCTION
BASIC IDEA
IF
PARTICLE COLLISIONS CAN PRODUCE
BUT
SCENARIOS WITH
GRAVITATION AT
LARGE EXTRA DIMENSIONS
LARGE WARPING
METRIC IN D-DIMENSIONS (WARPED)
EXTRA COORDINATES
WARP FACTOR
WARPED VOLUME (WV)
WV LARGE
DILUTION OF FIELD LINES IN THE EXTRA DIMENSIONS
SCENARIO WITH BRANES NECESSARY
(BEHAVIOR OF GAUGE FORCES)
PRODUCTION AND DECAY OF BLACK HOLES
(PRODUCTION PROLIFIC AND WITH SIGNATURES)
CLASSICAL GRAVITY
BLACK HOLE FORMATION IF IMPACT PARAMETER
(SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS)
PARTONIC LEVEL
CONVOLUTION WITH STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS
DECAY
(SEVERAL PHASES)
FORMATION
ASYMMETRIES
MULTIPOLAR MOMENTS
STATIONARY BLACK HOLE HAS NOT HAIRS
LOOSE THEM
BALDING
EMISION OF RADIATION (GRAVITATIONAL AND GAUGE)
AND EMISION OF CHARGES
KERR BLACK HOLE (WITHOUT ROTATING CHARGE)
LOOSING ANGULAR MOMENTUM
HAWKING RADIATION (THERMAL EMISION)
TEMPERATURE:
QUANTUM GRAVITY
EXPERIMENTAL SIGNALS
SPHERICITY
HIGH MULTIPLICITY
LEPTONS AND JETS WITH HIGH
THERMAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS SPINDOWN
OTHER “EXPERIMENTS”
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
“RIP”
(?)
REQUIESCAT IN PACEM
DATA FROM HUBBLE + CHANDRA + LENSING
BULLET CLUSTER
COLISSION OF TWO CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES.
INTERACTING ORDINARY MATTER GENERATED X RAYS.
DARK MATTER GOES THROUGH WITH ALMOST NO INTERACTION
RED: X RAYS X DETECTED BY CHANDRA
BLUE: INVISIBLE MASS INVISIBLE DETECTED BY LENSING
DARK MATTER
DARK ENERGY
WE…
25%
70%
5%
THE UNIVERSE TODAY “IS” QUITE
DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE WE HAVE
10 YEARS AGO !!!
IT IS DIFFICULT TO MANTAIN ONESELF
ANTHROPIC
WHEN OUR COMPONENTS
ARE ONLY 5% OF THE UNIVERSE…
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