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Foundations of Fire Fighting Tactics and Strategies Chapter 5 Page101 1 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives • Describe the process of developing the fire fighting strategy and tactics involved in planning, locating, confining, extinguishing, and overhauling fires in buildings and other special fire situations • Discuss the methods used for the determination of the proper fire operating mode: offensive, transitional, defensive, or non-attack mode 2 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives • Define the term size-up and explain the steps and factors involved in making a size-up • Review the fire strategy and tactics used by firefighters and apply the fire behavior characteristics discussed in the text to the situations reviewed • Describe difficult fire situations encountered by firefighters and the strategies and tactics they should use to resolve these situations 3 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Introduction • Learn about: – Structure fires and fire behavior patterns most likely to be encountered – How to apply fire behavior tactics • Overall mission for fire incidents has three major components: finding the location of the fire, confining the fire, and extinguishing the fire • Size-up: method used to identify problem(s) presented by the incident 4 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Development of Strategy and Tactics • Overall mission for firefighters responding to fire: – Locate the fire – Confine the fire – Extinguish the fire • Decision-making model: overall strategy on emergency incidents 5 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 7 Development of Strategy and Tactics (cont’d.) Figure 5-2 The five steps in the decision-making model 8 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Attack Modes • Offensive mode: make a direct attack on fire for purposes of control and extinguishment • Transitional mode: shifting from offensive to defensive mode or from defensive to offensive mode • Defensive mode: conducted on exterior of building to protect adjacent buildings from fire spreading 9 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Attack Modes (cont’d.) • Non-attack mode (passive approach): under certain circumstances, a fire attack may be too dangerous and incident command will choose to let the fire burn out without an attack – Cannot be made without careful consideration and by making every effort to include the owner in the decision making process 10 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Mill Fires 11 Size-Up at the Incident Scene • RECEO-VS – – – – – – – Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage 12 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Construction • Includes building components, materials, and extent of their fire-resistive abilities • Five NFPA classifications – Type I, II, III, IV, and V 13 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Type I or Fire-resistive Construction • Columns, beams, floors, walls, and roof made of materials classified as noncombustible Figure 5-4 Type I or fire-resistive construction 14 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Type II or Non-combustible Construction • Non-combustible and either protected or unprotected Figure 5-5(a) Type II or noncombustible construction 15 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Type III or Exterior Protected/Ordinary Construction • Exterior walls made of masonry materials • Interior walls and materials permitted to be partially or wholly combustible Figure 5-6 Type III or ordinary construction 16 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Type IV or Heavy Timber/Mill Construction • Exterior walls are usually made of masonry and therefore are noncombustible Figure 5-7 Type IV or heavy timber/mill construction 17 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Type V or Wood Frame Construction • All major structural components can be made of combustible materials Figure 5-8 In Type V construction, all major structural components can be made of combustible materials 18 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Occupancy or Use • The building code that classifies buildings by their use • Loss of lives in building fires is always a concern where large numbers of people gather 19 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Apparatus and Staffing • Standard operating procedure (SOP): specific information and instructions on how a task or assignment is to be accomplished • Need to know manpower resources – Number, type of pumping, and ladder capability 20 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Need to Know Resourses 21 Life Hazard • Primary search – Aggressive primary search for victims during the first few moments after arrival • Personal alert safety system (PASS) – Small, motion sensitive unit attached to and worn with the SCBA by firefighters when entering an Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) environment 22 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Terrain • Structure can be built on land with different grade levels • Careful pre-incident planning can help in reducing the time required to deal with terrain problems 23 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Water Supply • Can water be delivered in sufficient gallons per minute to suppress the number of BTUs being given off by the fire? • Learn location of water lines of other jurisdictions or districts 24 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Auxiliary Appliances • Fire sprinklers have record of over one hundred years of being 90% to 98% effective in controlling fires • Three types of water sprinkler application systems – Wet pipe – Dry pipe – Deluge 25 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Street Conditions • Narrow streets, traffic congestion, doubleparked cars, and construction work can severely impact fire operations • Close coordination with public works and traffic departments can reduce such problems 26 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Narrow Streets 27 Weather • Extreme weather conditions can affect operations • Rehabilitation system: – – – – Hydration Nourishment Rest and recovery Medical evaluation 28 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Rehab Unit 29 Exposures • Using water by running it down side of exposed building, coating it with water • Water spray can protect against movement of heated air currents and direct flame impingement • Use large water appliances to reduce or redirect air currents and to cool threatened building surfaces 30 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Area and Height • Indicates maximum potential fire area • Height of building raises issues of whether the fire department has necessary ladder lengths to reach upper building areas • Height may provide exposure hazard to nearby buildings • Impacts use of master streams 31 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Location and Extent of Fire • The lower the fire, the more serious the threat of fire is to the building • Fire below grade such as a basement fire, are hotter, and generally more complex 32 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Time • May determine life-threatening situation • Time of day impacts time required for a fire apparatus to arrive – Morning and evening traffic peaks can double the response time 33 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Special Concerns • Personnel accountability report (PAR): reports on location/condition of personnel • Personnel accountability system (PAS): determines entry/exit of personnel • Rapid intervention team or crew (RIT/RIC): assignment of group for rapid deployment of reports on personnel in trouble/missing 34 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Building Construction Methods and Occupancy Types • Platform construction method: floors built separately from outer walls and ceiling and floor area serves as fire block to stop movement of hot fire gases between floors • Balloon frame method of construction: obsolete construction method where wood studs run from foundation to roof and floors are nailed to studs 35 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Fire Behavior in Specific Occupancies • Different procedures need followed for various types of buildings • Important to understand essential differences of building methods and building types when evaluating how to approach a fire 36 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Single-Story Family Dwellings of the Past • 1940s – 1950s – Plastered walls covering wood/wire mesh which was painted/covered with heavy paper or cloth – Bare wood, rugs, linoleum, wool carpets – Bare wood to upholstered furniture with cotton, wool, or leather – Rooms poorly insulated with single-paned windows – Fire load was low and the rooms were well ventilated 37 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Today’s Residential Properties • • • • • Better insulation and increase in fire load More plastics Interior fire fighting hotter Decreased time to flashover Has become much more dangerous in these occupancies 38 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Multiple-family Dwellings • Vary from city to city Figure 5-16 Open attic and truss construction 39 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Strip Mall Fires 40 Mercantile Fires • Strip malls made as cheaply as possible • Barely meet code requirements • Fire originating in one store of a strip has good chance of communicating to others – Can extend into cockloft area and once there, will move horizontally with little or no resistance • Roof ventilation is important 41 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hotel Fires 42 Hotel Fires • Not designed with fire safety in mind • Older hotels built with open stairways and rooms off of corridors with transoms • HVAC units can circulate hot fire gases throughout the building if unit is not protected with fire dampers • Not equipped with an eyebrow – Designed to prevent or inhibit fire and smoke from lapping into the upper floor(s) in a multistory building43 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Industrial Occupancies • Vary considerably due to manufacturing processes • Tenant factory/loft building – Potential for a fast-spreading fire is high • Newer manufacturing buildings constructed using concrete tilt-up construction – Provide open void spaces where fire gases can accumulate 44 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Churches • Similar construction • Large hanging ceilings or cocklofts lead to church’s destruction • If steeple present, collapse is likely • Life safety record for church fires is good 45 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Schools • Fire drills usually constructed • Significant improvement in the use of fireresistant construction materials in new schools • Some schools use modular classrooms 46 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Basement Fires 47 Basement Fires • Good location for storage of combustible items • Can become fully developed and present a very hot, smoky fire situation where visibility is limited • Long hoses may be required • Possibility of gas ignition 48 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Attic Fires • • • • Burn upward Respond quickly to proper vertical ventilation Should be attacked as fast as possible As little water as possible should be used 49 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Attic Fires 50 Flat Roofs • Attic space is approximately three feet deep and provides open space between underside of roof and top side of ceiling • Always work with wind at your back or side from where the wind is blowing: windward side – Keeps smoke and hot gases downwind 51 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Peaked Roofs • Encourage the use of aerial ladders • Roof ladder also used if aerial not possible • Vent hole cut as close to the ridge as possible without damaging the underlying rafters – Should be made on leeward side 52 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Carport/Garage • Carport: freestanding structure open on all sides – Carport itself is not serious fire problem because it is constructed using a minimum amount of combustible materials – Flammable liquid fires common • Garage – One-story: line inside house to prevent extension of the fire into this area – Two-story: direct attack on garage and line upstairs 53 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Summary • Understand basic principles of fire fighting and characteristics of fire behavior • Three efforts: – Locate the fire – Confine the fire – Extinguish the fire • Determine type of attack necessary 54 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning