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Comunicación y Gerencia Judaism A History Important Terms Judaism – Named after tribe of Judah Jew – shortened form of Judean – member of tribe of Judah Jehovah – God of the Jews Hebrew – originally Habiru – “they who crossed over” referred to people who crossed the desert and were respected – now the language of the Jews Scriptures – the sacred books of Judaism Torah – the laws of Moses, first 5 books of Ta-Na-Kh Star of David The Star of David is the universal symbol of Judaism The Star of David appears on synagogues, the state flag of Israel, and Jewish ritual objects The star is made of two triangles Appeared early as the 960’s BC During the Holocaust all Jewish people had to wear the Star of David on their arm to show that they were Jewish The Hebrew term for the Star of David is “Magen David” Who is a Jew? Traditionally, a Jew is anyone who’s mother is a Jew You can also be a Jew by conversion A conversion ceremony is really just an “adoption” into the family of Abraham and Sarah The Ancient Israelites’ was passed on by the mother instead of the father because you are always sure who the mother is Jews are connected to each other by: History Culture Beliefs Traditions Jewish Pre-Historic Period 3760 BCE - traditional date of creation of world Year 1 in Jewish calendar HEBREW / ISRAELITE PERIOD (2nd Millennium to ca. 539 BCE) ca. 3000 - ca. 1000 BCE EGYPTIAN are overlords of area that later belongs to Jewish people, or today’s Israel. ca. 1800-1700 Foundations of Israelite People under Patriarchs/ Ancestors; God promises to give Holy Land to Abraham’s descendants Patriarchs 1) ABRAHAM & Sarah (+ her handmaid Hagar) 2) Isaac & Rebekah (+ elder half-brother Ishmael, son of Hagar) 3) Jacob = Israel (two wives, Leah & Rachel, & two handmaids, Zilpah & Bilhah) 4) Twelve Sons of Jacob = 12 Tribes of Israel (Judah = "Royal Tribe"; Levi = "Priestly Tribe"; Joseph; Benjamin; etc.) Jacob’s Sons Moses & the Exodus Generation ca. 1700-1300 - Israelites (a.k.a. Hebrews) in Egypt (since time of Joseph, the "dreamer"); welcome at first, but later in slavery ca. 1250 - MOSES and the Exodus – Plagues; Passover; Exodus from Egypt; Torah/Covenant on Mount Sinai; Wandering in the Desert for 40 years United Kingdom of Israel: The Golden Age ca. 1030 - 12 tribes in one united monarchy; first ruler King Saul; continual war with Philistines ca. 1000 - Jerusalem conquered by King DAVID’s army; made capital of all Israel; David expands kingdom; God promises House of David will rule Israel forever (2 Sam 7) ca. 970 - First Temple built in Jerusalem by David’s son, King Solomon; worship centralized ca. 930 - Death of Solomon; throne succession struggles; kingdom divides into two parts: North vs. South First Jewish Revolt 66-74 CE – Jewish war vs. Rome begins in Galilee & Jerusalem Recorded in Josephus’ Jewish War 70 CE – Jerusalem captured by Roman Army under General Titus (Emperor Vespasian’s son); city burned; Second Temple destroyed The Origins of Anti-Semitism Europe in the Middle Ages The Jews seen as “Other” - Depicted in Medieval Christian Art - Ecclesia carries a chalice, wears a crown, and carries a crucifix - Synagoga carries the Torah scrolls, she is blindfolded and carries a broken lance… - What does this demonstrate? - Sometimes Synagoga carries a goat or sheep’s head - The figures reflect the Christian belief, sometimes called Supersessionism, that Jesus was the Jewish Messiah, and that Judaism as a religion was therefore made unnecessary, by its own tenets, once Christianity was established, and that all Jews should convert. Ecclesia – the Church Synagoga – The Jews Jews: Sins, Punishment, Proofs to Christianity Jews sinned by their: a) failure to recognize Jesus b) involvement in his death Jews were punished by: - destruction of the Temple - loss of independence - permanent exile Consequences of their sins served as proofs to truths of Christianity Continued… 4th Century 6th Century “Jew” is a term of contempt Sexual relations between Jews and Christians is outlawed by the Church Illegal for Jews to hold public office, employ Christians, or show themselves in public during Holy Week 11th Century. – Crusades begin against the Muslims; along the way Christian soldiers massacre any Jews they can find 13th century: Concern over social mixing called for Jews to wear special clothing to identify and keep them separate from Christians Germany: Conical Hats Latin countries: Disks or Star of David 14th century: Jews become moneylenders since “usury” is outlawed for Christians (STEREOTYPE begins) th 15 century : Host Desecration Alleged that Jews (ironically) believed that the host was Jesus Jews accused of stealing the host and stabbing it (reenacting the crucifixion) Many Jewish families were burned at the stake as a result of this fear th 16 century: Blood Libels Allegations that Jews murder non-Jews, especially Christian children, in order to obtain blood for the Passover or other rituals Based on notion that Jews hate Christianity Alleged to commit murder for ritual purposes to reenact the crucifixion