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Transcript
Main Principles of the Jewish Ethical System By Rabbi Jeffrey Cohen The main principles of the Jewish ethical system are derived from: Tenach Talmud the on-going rabbinical tradition The need for justice should be tempered by mercy and compassion. “Just as God is compassionate, be thou compassionate” (Talmud). Jews must act with piety that is beyond the minimum standard expected of others. Jews must bear witness to God’s desire for man to work towards goodness. They have a special assignment to act in such a way as to turn people towards an acceptance of an ethical God. Jews must act in a way which brings shalom – peace and well-being among all people. The more important prayers all end with a prayer for peace on earth. Jews see themselves as responsible for the community in which they live. The poor and the needy must be cared for: Jewish communities are expected to provide relief organisations for the poor, suitable care for the aged and infirm, proper conditions of employment for workers, and so on This applies primarily to Jews, but also extends to Gentiles. Charity is almost compulsory and the highest form of help is that which enables a poor man to become free of the need of help. The mitzvot – good deeds commanded by God. Jewish ethics address the whole community as well as individuals. Jews believe that divine retribution is a consequence of God’s righteousness, but its purpose is primarily not punitive but educative, and its primary aim is the restoration of human and divine relation. In Judaism a person uses morality and a system of ethics to reach in two directions: proper conduct between an individual and God proper conduct between two or more people Orthodox Jews adheres strictly to the Jewish tradition. Conservative Jews try to adopt a position somewhere between that of Orthodox Jews and Reform Jews. Reform (or Liberal) Jews try to adapt their beliefs to modern life. Within each of these groups there are other groups, for example Hasidic Jews (one of the Orthodox groups) follow a very strict lifestyle and observe the law closely. Basic Ethical Principle Foundation of Jewish Medical Ethics Leviticus 18:5 – “These are the mitzvot which one shall do and live by them: I am the LORD. ” “shall live” – And not die by them See also Lev 19:16 – "Do not stand idly by the blood of your neighbor" Principles Pikuah Nefesh- saving a soul Question is when is life viable Defining death Can one over-ride the other Definition of Death 1960’s Reform & Conservatives accept Brain Stem definition of death 1990’s Orthodoxy begins to accept Brain Stem definition Transplantation & Organ Donation Current legal & ethical questions – How do we decide who gets priority? Defined recipient What happens with eyes? – Can organs be sold? – Can they be used without permission? Rates of donation – Perception vs reality Issues in Organ Donation Underlying problem – Can only use organs thru brain stem death Donations by deceased Living Donors Judaism recipient looks for designated Organ Donation Orthodox – Halakhic Organ Donors Society – OU statement Conservative – Supports donation Reform – MATAN CHAIM: THE GIFT OF LIFE Organ & Tissue Donation (includes card) Euthanasia Need to distinguish – Shortening life – Prolonging death Active vs passive Euthanasia Euthanasia II Orthodox position Conservative -2 positions Reform Bioethics Cloning – Therapeutic – Reproductive Stem Cell Research Based on “these are the laws you shall live by” Sexual Ethics Abortion Biblical basis- Exodus 21:22-23 Issues – Rodef- pursuer – Viability of fetus – When does life begin Ultra-orthodox Orthodox/Conservative Reform Birth Control Expectation of having children – First commandment in Torah- be fruitful and multiply Question of spilling seed – Genesis 38, 6-10 What is permitted and forbidden Relationships “The times for conjugal duty prescribed in the Torah are: – for men of independent means, every day; – for laborers, twice a week; – for donkey drivers, once a week; – for camel drivers, once in thirty days; – for sailors, once in six months.” Talmud, Ketubot 61b Cannot change profession if it means less frequency or more onerous (like becoming a tanner) sexual pleasure is a wife’s right and a husband’s obligation a man may not compel his wife to fulfill the marital obligation if a husband refuses to perform his marital obligation in a loving, romantic, and sexually pleasing way, his wife actually has the right to demand a divorce Fertile Technology Basic Principle – “Be fruitful and multiply” [First biblical commandment] Artificial Insemination IVF Surrogate Motherhood IVF Basically accepted AIH AID Status of spare embryos Homosexuality Biblical basis – Lev. 18:22; Lev. 20:13; Deut. 23:17 – Are the laws equal for men and women Various views today – Reform – Conservative – Orthodox Ritual Uncleanliness Taharat Ha-Mishpaha Basis- Leviticus: 15:19-30, 18:19, 20:18 Not just says of low but 7 additional days Nothing to do with physical uncleanliness Mikva