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Egyptian and Nubian Empires
Chapter 4 Section 1
Main Idea and Key Terms
• Two empires along
the Nile, Egypt and
Nubia, forged
commercial, cultural,
and political
connections
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Hyksos
New Kingdom
Hatshepsut
Thutmose III
Nubia
Ramses II
Kush
Piankhi
Meroë
Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt
• After the prosperity of the
Middle Kingdom, Egypt
descended into war and
violence
• Weak pharaohs and
power disputes led to the
fall of Egypt to the
Hyksos
• During the Hyksos rule
was when the Hebrews
arrived in Egypt
• The Egyptians
resented the Hebrews
Egyptian & Nubian Empires
• Around 1600, Queen Ahhotep
helped drive out the Hyksos
• The next pharaoh, Kamses,
and his successors drove the
Hyksos out of Egypt to
Palestine
• The Hebrews that remained in
Egypt were enslaved
• They left during the “Exodus”
The New Kingdom
• The pharaohs of the New Kingdom sought
to build an empire
• Using bronze weapons and two-wheeled
chariots, the Egyptians became
conquerors
New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut declared herself
pharaoh around 1472 b.c.e.
• She encouraged trade instead
of war
• She sent a trade expedition to
the Land of Punt, near present
day Somalia
• They brought back many items
for ceremonies, as well as gold
and ivory
New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut’s stepson,
Thutmose III, was much more
warlike
• May have murdered his
stepmother to take the throne
• He invaded Palestine and
Syria, as well as south into
Nubia, along the upper Nile
• This was the height of the
Egyptian Empire
Hatshepsut
New Kingdom
• Later, the Egyptians faced the
Hittites
• Ramses II signed a treaty
• Like the Old Kingdom, rulers of
the New Kingdom erected
great buildings
• They hid their tombs beneath
desert cliffs at the Valley of the
Kings near Thebes
• www.thebanmappingproject.co
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Decline
• Shortly after Ramses died, the entire
Eastern Mediterranean faced a series of
invasions
• After the invasions, Egypt never recovered
• The empire broke apart, and became
regional kingdoms
• Eventually the Nubians came north and
seized power
New Kingdom
The Kush
• For centuries, Egypt
dominated Nubia and the
kingdom of Kush
• After the fall of the Egyptian
empire, Kush began to rise
• Nubia then established a
Kushite throne in Egypt
• The Kushites adopted clothing,
Gods, writing, and customs
from the Egyptians
Kush
• In 751 b.c.e., a Kushite
king named Piankhi
overthrew the Libyan
dynasty ruling Egypt
• The Assyrians invaded in
671 b.c.e. and drove out
the Kushites
• They fled south, where
they experienced a
golden age, despite
their loss of Egypt
The Golden Age of Meroë
• After the defeat in Egypt, the Kushite royal
family moved south to Meroë
• Meroë lay along the Red Sea
• It became active in trade with Arabia,
Africa, and India
• Unlike Egypt, Meroë enjoyed significant
rainfall and had iron ore
• Became a manufacturer of weapons and
tools
Meroë
• Natural resources flowed
out of Africa and luxury
goods from India and
Arabia flowed in
• After four centuries of
prosperity, from about
250 b.c.e. to 150 c.e.,
Meroë began to decline
• Aksum began to
dominate North African
trade