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Land
of
the
Pharaohs
About 31 B.C. two mighty kings met in battle. One
king wore a white crown and ruled over a long
stretch of the Nile River in Upper Egypt. The other
king had a red crown and controlled a large area in
Lower
Egypt. The outcome of the Battle was of enormous
importance. Whoever won it controlled the biggest
Kingdom in the world
What does this
Illustration show???
To show his victory Menes
wore a double crown.
The crown
represented the joining of
Upper and
Lower Egypt.
Who won this battle??
Upper Egypt
King Menes (MEE nees)
or Narmer
King Menes Unified Upper and Lower Egypt
Unification – is the joining of separate parts into one.
Menes became the first pharaoh of Egypt
Pharaoh – (FAY roh) the titles used by the ruler
of Ancient Egypt
Did the Egyptians worship the Pharaoh?
Yes and he was
considered a God
The Pharaoh owned everything in Egypt and this
put him at the center of the economy.
Economy – the way its people manage
money and resources for the production
of goods and services.
What was Egypt’s economy based on?
agriculture
Who was the undisputed head of Egypt???
hint
The pharaoh
Government under the pharaoh
After unification the most powerful local leaders
became governors for the local government
These governors were responsible for collecting
Taxes and serving as judges
These governors reported to the pharaoh’s
headquarters in Memphis
Memphis was Egypt’s capital city.
Key word or idea
Notes- abbreviated (main idea)
• Pharaoh
• Menes-first pharaoh – unified Upper & Lower
Egypt 31 B.C.
• Supreme government ruler
(assigned governors of areas- collected taxes
served as judges)
• Memphis- capital city
______________________________________
________
• Way people manage money and resources
• economy
• Based on agriculture
Key word or idea
• Social classes
•
•
•
•
•
•
_____________
Notes- abbreviated (main idea)
Pharaoh,
priests & nobles/ scribes
traders artisans, shopkeepers/ and scribes
Farmers & herders
Unskilled laborers
Slaves
Who kept the records for the pharaoh??
The scribe
Scribes traveled throughout Egypt keeping records
of great and small details.
Only boys became scribes and they began
their study around the age of 10. They chanted
passages aloud to improve reading skills. Then they
spent hours writing out lessons and stories over and over.
If their attention wandered, they ran the risk of being beaten.
The
after
life
The pharaoh not only was a
political leader but also
had great religious powers as
well.
Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh
was a child of the sun god Ra.
Description: Ra was the almost
universally-worshipped king of the
gods and all-father of creation; the
main god. A sun god, he was said to
command the chariot that rode across
the sky during the day. A king, he was
the patron of the pharaoh. Ra is the
most central god of the Egyptian
pantheon.
Religious beliefs
There will be resurrection after death
Judgment in the afterlife is based on the lives people
lived on earth
If you led a good life you would receive
eternal happiness
If you led a bad life you would receive eternal punishment
The divine presence is
everywhere
We think Egyptians believed in the
afterlife because they
buried their food and treasures
with the dead bodies and they
built tombs for their pharaohs.
• Religion
• Pharaoh- Son of Ra- all power
• Eternal life- resurrection- put treasure & food in
tomb- built tombs (pyramids)
• Judgment based on their lives on earth
good- eternal rewards
bad- eternal punishment
•divine presence is everywhere
_________
Osiris
In power, he was second only to his father,
Ra, and was the leader of the gods on earth.
He was the husband of Isis.
After Osiris was killed, Isis, resurrected
him with the Ritual of Life, which was
later given to the Egyptians so that they
could give eternal life to all their dead.
In the underworld, Osiris sits on a
great throne, where he is praised by the
souls of the just. All those who pass the
tests of the underworld become
worthy to enter The Blessed Land, that
part of the underworld that is like the
land of the living, but without sorrow or
pain.
What were the pyramids made of?
Limestone blocks
How much did each block weigh? Over 5,000 pounds
Over 2 million blocks in the
Great Pyramid
The pharaohs were buried in pyramids
of many different shapes and sizes from
before the beginning of the Old Kingdom
to the end of the Middle Kingdom.
Pyramids of Egypt
Why were the pyramids built?
To serve as tombs for pharaohs
Step Pyramid
Bent Pyramid
• Constructed in Egypt during the reign of
King Snefru
• Constructed in two stages.
• Gets its name from the bent form
Bent Pyramid
• Constructed of
small, almost
brick-sized stones
• Stones laid in
vertical courses
and inwardleaning to create
the sloped sides.
• Gets name from the
unusual shape
Bent Pyramid
Giza Plateau
• Each side of each Pyramid lines up precisely eastwest or north-south
Giza plateauz; Pyramids of
Khufu, Khafre, and
Menkaure
General construction
Pyramid complex at Giza
• The sphinx guards the pyramids
• A temple is found on a harbor at the
edge of the Nile Valley.
• From the temple, the king’s body was
first brought by boat.
• A long, covered causeway connects all
three pyramids to the temple
• Pyramid is found to the west of the
temple.
Khufu’s Pyramid
• Khufu ruled for about 23 years
• Each block weighed 5,000 pounds-- had
to be transported over 1/2 mile
• Only Pyramid with passages inside and
underneath
• Once finished, the workers had to seal it
and leave through the escape shaft
GREAT PYRAMID
• 480.6 ft tall
• Taller than a 40 story building
• Covers area greater than 10 football fields
Khufu’s solar barque
•
1,224 separate components:
•
cedarwood planking
•
12 oars--10 along sides, 2
large at the stern
•
ropes of halfa grass
•
wooden dowels and battens
•
copper staples
•
144-feet-long
•
Timbers are 95 percent
original
Pyramid of Khafre
Pyramid of Khafre
• Second to his father
Khufu's Pyramid in size
• 695 feet on a side at the
base
• 450 feet high (originally
473 feet).
• Built on higher ground
at a steeper angle (about
53°)
• Appears taller
Pyramids of Egypt
Pharaoh’s tomb
• Believed it was
necessary to
preserve a body
to allow the soul to
survive
• Pyramids used as
the final resting
places for their
monarchs
• pyramids
•Built as tombs
•many different shapes and sizes
•Each side lines up precisely east-west or northsouth
•Giza plateau;
1.Pyramid of Khufu-ruled about 23 years
* over 2 million blocks- each 5,000 pounds
(transported over ½ mile)
*Only Pyramid with passages inside and underneath
_________
* Sealed-left through escape shaft
2. Khafre-Second in size
695 feet (side),
450 feet high (originally 473 feet).
Built on higher ground at a
steeper angle (about 53°)
Appears taller
3. Sphinx- guards the pyramids
4. temple- pyramids to the west of the temple
Hatshepsut
• Wife of a pharaoh- became pharaoh after
her husband’s death
• Expanded Egyptian trade.
• Took caravans of scribes, soldiers, artists
across the Red Sea.
*took jewelry, papyrus and bronze weapons
* traded for gold, perfume, ivory, leopard
skins, apes
• KNOWLEDGE!!!
Achievements of Ancient Egypt
Warfare
•
•
•
•
Chariots
Shields
Spears
Formation
Medicine
• Doctors- priests
• Cure illnesses
• Stitch cuts
• Set broken bones
• Amputate limbs
• Measure the heart (too
quickly or too slowly)
• Chamomile
• Moldy bread- on cuts
(penicillin mold- Fleming
1928)
Achievements of Ancient Egypt
• Mathematics-building pyramids &
temples
• Astronomy- five of our planets (stars that
knew no rest)
• Eclipses of sun and moon (meetings of sun
and moon)
• Calendar
• Scale
Hieroglyphics found in pyramids
• Hieroglyphs,
literally means
“language of the
gods”
• Used by priests to
write down
prayers, magical
texts
Life after death
• Texts related to
life after death
and worshipping
the gods were
found in tombs
Book of the Dead
• Weighing the heart
Weighing the heart
against a feather-good deeds
Anubis-god of
mummification
Thoth--god of wisdom
Horus=god of the sky
Osiris-God of the dead
Writing of the gods
• Pharaoh’s
autobiographies
• hieroglyphic
guides of the
afterworld
• written on tomb
walls and the
insides of coffins.
Map of the afterlife
• Believed that
these texts
helped guide the
dead through the
afterlife.
Preserving the bodies of dead royalty is
called mummification.
A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal
that has been preserved after death.
Mummies are made
naturally
or by embalming, which
is any process that people
use to help preserve a
dead body.
The ancient Egyptians
believed
that mummifying a
person's
body after death was
essential to ensure
a safe passage to the
afterlife.
The actual process of embalming as practiced in ancient
Egypt was governed by definite religious ritual.
The art of Egyptian
mummification
consisted of many
steps. First, the body
was washed and
ritually purified.
The next step was to
remove the deceased
person's inner
organs
Mummification Tools
• Mummification tools:
• Brain hooks
• Oil jar
• Funnel
• Embalmer's knife
Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and
expensive process. From start to finish, it took about
70 days to embalm a body. Since the Egyptians
believed that mummification was essential for
passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and
buried as well as they could possibly afford.
Were the pharaoh the only Egyptians mummified?
No
Anyone that could afford to could be mummified
The Process?!?!?!?!?!?
A slit was cut into the left side of the body so
that the embalmers
could remove the intestines, the liver, the
stomach and the lungs.
The organs were then
individually wrapped
using long strips of linen and
placed in canopic jars.
the human-headed god
looks after the liver.
the baboon-headed god
looks after the lungs.
the jackal-headed god
looks after the stomach
the falconheaded god
looks after the
intestines.
After the
removal of the
inner organs,
the body cavity
was stuffed
with natron.
The brain was then removed
through the nose using long hooks. Since the
ancient Egyptians considered the brain
unimportant, it was probably thrown away
Once the mummy was finally
prepared, it was time for the
funeral.
The mummy and its canopic jars were transported
by sled from the embalming tent to the tomb. People
were hired to demonstrate their grief by crying and
throwing
dust on their hair. At the site of the tomb, religious
ceremonies were held to prepare the dead for the afterlife.
In particular, the Opening of the Mouth ceremony
was believed to allow the mummy to see, hear, eat
and drink in the spirit world.
What is this??
hieroglyphs
What are hieroglyphics? Individual pictures-signs, about 800 in all,
that stood for objects and sounds
Why?
They needed a written language so that records could be kept
Hieroglyphics are the number one reason we know so much
about the lives of Egyptians
The
Rosetta
Stone
When was the Rosetta Stone made?
The Rosetta Stone was
What is the Rosetta Stone?
carved in 196 B.C..
The Rosetta Stone is a stone
with writing on it
The Rosetta Stone was the key that unlocked the mysteries
of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Who found the Rosetta Stone?
The Rosetta Stone was found by French soldiers who were
rebuilding a fort in Egypt
What does the Rosetta Stone say?
The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of priests in Egypt
to honor the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the
pharaoh has done that are good for the priests and the people of
Egypt.
papyrus
The Mummification
Process
The first mummies were just dried out in the desert. The
ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the
desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the
bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'.
.
Later, the ancient Egyptians
began burying their dead in
coffins to protect them from
wild animals in the desert.
Steps
1. Announcement of Death
2. Embalming the Body
3. Removal of Brain
4. Removal of Internal
organs
5. Drying Out Process
6. Wrapping of the Body
7. Charms, amulets placed
on body
8. Final Procession
Step 1
Announcement of Death
This first step was to let the
people know that someone had
died. A messenger was sent out
to the streets to announce the
death. This allowed people to
get themselves ready for
mourning period and ceremony.
Materials Used in Mummification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linen
Sawdust
Lichen
Beeswax
Resin
6. Natron
7. Onion
8. Nile Mud
9. Linen Pads
10. Frankincense
Step 2
Embalming the Body
The second step was taking the body to
be embalmed. The embalmers were
located in special tents or
buildings. These buildings were called
embalming workshops, and were
maintained by teams of priests.
Oftentimes during the embalming, the
priests would have to step outside to
get away from the horrible smell.
Step 3
Removal of Brain
The first part of the body to be removed was the
brain. Egyptians did not know the purpose of the
brain, so they thought it was a waste of space. To
extract the brain, a hook was inserted through
the nose. The embalmers pulled out as much as
they could, then put it in water to dissolve. Some
people think the water was then thrown out, but
others think it was taken with the mummy to the
burial chamber.
Step 4
Removal of Internal Organs
Next to be removed were the internal organs: the
liver, the lungs, the stomach, and the intestines. A
small slit was made on the left side of the abdomen,
then the embalmers reached in and pulled out the
organs. Each of the organs were individually
mummified, then stored in little coffins called
canopic jars. There were four canopic jars, one for
each of the organs. These jars were protected by
the four sons of Horus.
Imset protected the liver.
He had the head of a human.
Duamutef looked after the
stomach.
He had the head of a jackal.
Ha'py watched over the lungs.
He had the head of a baboon.
Qebehsenuef looked over the
intestines.
He had the head of a falcon.
Once the internal organs were removed, the
inside of the body was washed out with palm
oil, lotions, and preserving fluids.
Next the body was stuffed with linen, straw,
or other packing material to keep the general
shape of the person.
Sometimes the embalmers were careless
and either stuffed too much or too little. This
caused the mummy to look puffy or
disfigured.
Step 5
Drying Out Process
The body was placed on a slab and covered with
either nacron or natron salt. The slab was tilted so
that the water would run off into a basin. This
removed moisture and prevented rotting. The body
was taken outside and let dry for about forty days.
After the body was completely dried out, the wrapping
of the body began.
These are the
mummified
remains of a
pharaoh named
Ramses II.
Step 6
Wrapping of
the Body
Wrapping the body was a painstaking process. It was anointed with oils,
and a gold piece with the Eye of Horus was placed over the slit in the
abdomen.
The Eye of Horus
Hundreds of yards of linen were used to wrap the body. Each toe and finger was
wrapped separately.
Charms, amulets, and inscribed pieces of papyrus were placed between each
layer of bandage. Egyptians believed that these charms had magical properties
that would protect the body.
The Eye of Horus, the symbol of protection, was used often. The wrapping
process would be stopped once in a while so that the priests could say prayers
and write on the linen. A final shroud was placed on the mummy to keep all the
wrappings together. Mummia was added to the shroud to "glue" it all together.
(That's where the word "mummy" comes from.)
Sometimes false eyes were inserted and make-up applied. Then a painted
portrait mask was placed over the mummy's head so that dead person's soul
(Ka) could recognize its owner. The mummy was then placed into a painted,
decorated coffin.
Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel
on the “Solar
Barque.”
A boat for the
journey is
provided for a
dead pharaoh in
his tomb.
Step 7
Final Procession
The last step of mummification was the final
procession, where the family and friends of the
deceased walked through the town on their way to
the burial place. Mourners were paid to cry so that
the gods of the other world would see that the person
was well loved. The more people who cried, the more
he was loved, and the better chance he had of going
to the after world.
Before the mummy was taken inside the tomb, a
ceremony called "Opening of the Mouth" took place.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
Opening of the Mouth
The Opening of the Mouth was performed by priests outside the burial chamber.
The family of the mummy recited spells while priests
used special instruments to touch different parts of
the mummy's face. The Egyptians believed that the
mummy could not eat, see, hear, or move in the
afterlife if the ceremony did not take place. After the
Opening of the Mouth ceremony, the dead would be
able to eat, breathe, see, hear, etc. in the afterlife.
The mummy was then laid in the burial chamber
along with his belongings, the canopic jars, and the
Book of the Dead. The Book of the Dead was not
actually a book, but a collection of over 200 magic
spells written on papyrus. This book contained
instructions on how to achieve eternal life. Then the
tomb was sealed.
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Weighing of the Heart
The most important task came after death. This was called "The
Weighing of the Heart." Egyptians believed that the most powerful
part of a person was his heart. The heart was never removed from
the body - it was considered the center of the being.
In this ceremony, the gods of the underworld judged the mummy's
heart, or how well he behaved during his natural life. Maat, the
goddess of truth, brought out her scale; on one side was the
mummy's heart, and on the other was the Feather of Truth.
Anubis, the god of the underworld, made the final
judgment, and Thoth, the scribe god, recorded it. If the
heart balanced the feather, the soul of the mummy was
granted immortality. If the heart was heavier than the
feather (if the sins outweighed the virtues), the soul was
doomed to a horrible fate. The heart was thrown to a
monster called Ammit, or Devourer of the Dead.
The Final Judgement
Anubis
Horus
Osiris
Judgment Day
The heart of the dead is weighed against the feather.
If the heart is not weighed down with sin and lighter
than the feather, the dead person can go on.
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I
1291-1278 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye,
wife of
Amenhotep II
Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants
in the Afterlife
A Tomb is
Found in
1923
Burial
Chamber
Walls made of
gilded wood and
inlaid blue
porcelain and
painted with
funerary scenes.
The Coffin of a Pharaoh
Wooden coffin, human shaped, 7 feet 4 inches long.
Third coffin made entirely of gold
A royal Egyptian mummy had been found untouched.
THE CURSE
“They who enter this sacred tomb shall swift
be visited by the wings of death.”
Lord Carnarvon
died 7 weeks
after entering the
burial chamber
giving rise to the
theory of the
"Curse" of King Tut.
1. The process of mummification was not very elaborate in the beginning. How did the
ancient Egyptians mummify bodies at first?
2. Describe the seven steps in the processes of mummification.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
3. What does the ceremony called the Opening of the Mouth do for the dead body?
4. Describe the role of the heart and the feather in the ceremony called the Weighing of the
Heart.
5. Do you believe in the curse of King Tut?
PowerPointAncient Egypt
Video- Discovery
Education
Textbook:
Jacobs, H. H. Prentice
Hall- History of Our
World. New Jersey:
Pearson Education, 2008.
Print.
Video- Mysteries
Of Egypt