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Pre-Quiz
1. Glands are small organs located
throughout your body that secrete
(that means release) substances
called:
a) plasma
b) hormones
c) enzymes
d) sweat
Pre-Quiz
2. Hormones help your body by:
a)
b)
c)
d)
telling your cells what to do
helping you breathe
sending nerve messages
oxidizing your blood
Pre-Quiz
3. Which of the following is not
part of the endocrine system?
a)
b)
c)
d)
thyroid
adrenals
nerves
pituitary
Pre-Quiz
4. Where are the major glands located?
a)
b)
c)
d)
in the head, shoulders, knees, & toes
in the abdomen, joints, brain, & spine
in the brain, neck, abdomen, & groin
in the gall bladder, appendix, tonsils,
& spleen
Pre-Quiz
5. This gland is sometimes called the
master gland, though it is only about
the size of a pea.
a)
b)
c)
d)
pituitary
adrenals
pineal gland
hypothalamus
The
Endocrine
System
The
Endocrine
System
What role do hormones play in the body’s functions?
Where do hormones travel?
When do hormones become functional?
How are hormones controlled?
Processes in the body are
are regulated by two systems
The Endocrine System
The Nervous System
chemical messengers
electrical messengers
Portion of the brain
that connects the
Endocrine & Nervous
Systems
Blood &
Extracellular
fluid
nerves
The Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is made up of
glands that control many of the body’s
activities by producing hormones.
• Endocrine glands release (secrete)
hormones, chemical messengers, into the
bloodstream to relay information and
signal other parts of the body.
The Endocrine System
• ALL cell types, organs, and processes are
influenced by hormone signaling.
• ALL major physiologic effects depend on
multiple hormones acting together.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mood
Reproductive processes
Growth
Development
Tissue Function
Metabolism
Endocrine Map
Hormone
Part of Endocrine System
Releasing and inhibiting
hormones
Hypothalamus
Growth hormone and
controls other glands
Thyroxine-metabolism
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid hormoneTCalcium & Phosphorous
Parathyroid gland
Insulin and glucagon
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Adrenaline & epinephrine
Testes
Testosterone
Ovaries
NOT PICTURED Estrogen
& progesterone
Hormones
• When released by glands, hormones
travel in the bloodstream and extracellular
fluid. They attach to binding sites found
on the plasma membrane of a target cell.
• The binding sites
of a target cell are
called receptors.
of gland
Hormones
• Hormones are specific.
• Once the specific hormone is attached
to the receptor, it brings about (elicits) a
response.
• The effect of hormones depends on
concentration.
Concentration of Hormones
The concentration of hormones is affected
by three factors:
• Rate of production
– Synthesis (making) and secretion (releasing)
– Negative feedback
• Rate of delivery
– Blood flow
• Rate of degradation & elimination
– Biological half life (breaking down)
– Metabolism and excretion
Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback is involved in the
body’s control of homeostasis.
• Movement away from an ideal state
causes a return back to the ideal state.
• Negative feedback operates through a
combination of the Nervous and Endocrine
Systems.
Negative Feedback of Glucose
•Glucose levels that are
too high or too low signals
the pancreas
•The Pancreas secretes a
hormone
•Glucose is released into
blood or taken up by cells
•Glucose levels return to
normal
Negative Feedback Loop
Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Hypothalamus
TRH – thyroid
releasing hormone
Pituitary Gland
TSH – thyroid
stimulating hormone
Thyroid Gland
T3 & T4 – thyroxine
& triiodothyronine
blood stream
(to all body parts)
Post-Quiz
1. Glands are small organs located
throughout your body that secrete
(that means release) substances
called:
a) plasma
b) hormones
c) enzymes
d) sweat
Post-Quiz
2. Hormones help your body by:
a)
b)
c)
d)
telling your cells what to do
helping you breathe
sending nerve messages
oxidizing your blood
Post-Quiz
3. Which of the following is not
part of the endocrine system?
a)
b)
c)
d)
thyroid
adrenals
nerves
pituitary
Post-Quiz
4. Where are the major glands located?
a) in the head, shoulders, knees, & toes
b) in the abdomen, joints, brain, & spine
c) in the brain, neck, abdomen, & groin
d) in the gall bladder, appendix, tonsils,
& spleen
Post-Quiz
5. This gland is sometimes called the
master gland, though it is only about
the size of a pea.
a)
b)
c)
d)
pituitary
adrenals
pineal gland
hypothalamus
Check your answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
a
c
c
a
The Evidence of Things Not Seen
How ‘America’s Fastest Woman’ Found Inspiration
the Across the Lines of Time
By Mitch Horowitz
A young black woman suffered from a
crippling bout with Graves Disease, so severe at
one point that medical authorities believed her legs
would require amputation. She recovered to
become what The New York Times this year called
“the greatest combination sprinter/hurdler to put on
track shoes.”
Science of Mind
August 2004 issue
Today, Gail Devers, 37, has won three Olympic gold medals
and a variety of world championships. Yet, to all appearances her
career as a runner and hurdler was over when she was forced out of
the 1988 Olympic Games by an undiagnosed case of Graves
Disease. The thyroid disorder had sapped her energy, and
almost led to the amputation of her legs after catastrophic side
effects caused by radiation treatments. But in one of the most
miraculous recoveries in sports history, Devers re-emerged from the
ordeal to capture the gold at the 1992 games.
A rising track star, Devers bottomed out in the 1988 games.
Soon after, she would begin an athlete’s nightmare: She
experienced severe fatigue, dizziness, migraines, and fainting spells
– and yet physicians again and again dismissed her
problems as being “all in her head.” Devers was relieved
to finally receive a firm diagnoses: she was suffering
from Graves Disease, a disorder that inflames the
thyroid gland and disrupts the body’s metabolism. Yet
things were fated to get worse before they got better.
1988
Fearing ejection from competition for using banned
substances, Devers refused the drugs that were intended to mitigate
side effects from the radiation therapy required to treat her enlarged
thyroid. The results were as unexpected as they were calamitous:
Devers developed excruciatingly painful lesions on her feet, and
sores and scales all over her body and face. Her weight plummeted.
She grew weaker. Devers was so distraught over her appearance –
“alligator woman,” she called herself – that she covered all the mirrors
in her Los Angeles home. “I look at myself in mirror and I remember
what I looked like during those times, and I see myself now, and if I
didn’t know me back then it would be hard to remember what I used
to look like and what I went through.”
Devers’ condition would deteriorate even further. Her feet
swelled so severely that the 5-foot, 3-inch runner could squeeze
only into a size-12 men’s sneaker – and eventually she couldn’t walk
at all. Family members had to carry her to the bathroom. Her feet
grew so swollen and infected that medical authorities actually
believed they might require amputation – a diagnosis Devers fought
with all her might. Eventually, recovery came and Devers began a
lifelong program taking a synthetic thyroid pill. Most remarkably,
Devers – with the help of legendary track and field coach Bobby
Kersee – began to run again. At first, she rode a stationary bike at
trackside; then she walked; then jogged; and eventually began to
sprint and jump – amazingly, in time to become a gold medalist at
the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.