Download A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Unit-C
Human Body
Systems
Anatomy & Physiology
1H03.01
Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms
body and the relationship of one body part to another.
Physiology studies the function of each body part
and how the functions of the various body parts
coordinate to form a complete living organism.
For our purposes in this unit it is the study of
directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities,
and abdominal and pelvic regions.
Body Planes:
• Definition = imaginary lines drawn
through the body to separate the
body into sections.
Directions/Position
Anterior and ventral –
Posterior or dorsal Cranial and caudal Superior and inferior-
Medial and lateral Proximal and distal Superficial or external body
Deep or internal -
front or in front of
back or in back of
cranial:head end
caudal: tail end
superior: upper or above
inferior: lower or below
medial: toward the midline
lateral: away from midline
proximal: toward the trunk
distal: farthest from trunk
on or near the surface of
inside or about a body cavity
Directions/Positions
•Median/Saggittal Plane – divides
body into right & left parts.
•Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical
cut at right angles to saggital
plane, divides into anterior and
posterior portions
•Transverse/Horizontal Plane –
cross-section, a horizontal cut that
divides the body into upper and
lower parts.
Anatomical position
Planes and Sections
Transverse (cross-section)
A horizontal cut that
divides the body into
upper and lower parts.
Coronal Plane
A vertical cut at right
angles to the sagittal
plane, dividing the
body into anterior
and posterior
portions.
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into
right and left parts.
Cavities
The urinary bladder is
found in the pelvic
cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
rectum, remainder of
the large intestine,
and the appendix.
Abdominal Cavity
Contains the
stomach, liver,
gallbladder,
pancreas, spleen,
small intestine,
appendix, and part
of the large
intestine.
Thoracic Cavity
• The second largest hollow space of
the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the
vertebral column, and the sternum, or
breastbone, and is separated from the
abdominal cavity (the body’s largest
hollow space) by a muscular &
membranous partition, the diaphragm.
• It contains the lungs, the middle &
lower airways—the
tracheobronchial tree—the heart,
the vessels transporting blood
between the heart and the lungs, the
great arteries bringing blood from the
heart out into general circulation, and
the major veins into which the blood is
collected for transport back to the
heart.
Spinal Cavity
• The space in
vertebrae
through which the
spinal cord passes.
Cranial Cavity
Where the brain is
located.
Dorsal cavity
Contains the brain and
spinal cord
4 quadrants
• upper left quadrant
ULQ
• lower left quadrant
LLQ
• upper right quadrant
URQ
• lower right quadrant
LRQ
The second way of dividing the
abdominal surface is into 9 regions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
left hypochondriac LH
left lumbar LL
left iliac (inginal) LI
epigastric E
umbilical U
hypogastric H
right hypochondriac RH
right lumbar RL
right iliac (inginal)RI
Abdominal/Pelvic Regions
•
Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone)
•
Right Hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located
below the ribs.
•
Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus
•
Right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to
posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar pain.) and
on either side of the umbilical region
•
Hypogastric – the pubic area
•
Right & Left Iliac regions are located on both sides of the hypogastric
region.
Body Tissues and Membranes
1H03.02
Levels of Organization in the
Body
• Cells
• Tissues
– Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
• Organs
– Examples include stomach, liver, heart
• Organ Systems
– Examples include digestive and circulatory
systems
Tissues in the Human Body
•
Epithelial
–
Covering or lining tissue
• Connective
I.e. adipose, cartilage, tendons &
ligaments
–
•
Muscle
–
•
Joins, stores and supports
Blood
Muscle
Internal and external movement
Nerve
–
Conducts electrical signals
Nerve
Cartilage
Firm, flexible support
of the embryonic
skeleton and part of
the adult skeleton
Tendons
White bands of
connective tissue
attaching skeletal
muscle to bone.
Adipose Tissue
A type of connective
tissue that stores fat
cells
Ligaments
• Strong, flexible
bands of connective
tissue that hold
bones firmly
together at the
joints
Nervous Tissue – cells that react to
stimuli and conduct an impulse
Muscle Tissue – has the ability to
contract and move the body
Connective Tissue- supports and
connects organs and tissue
• Epithelial Tissue – protects the body
by covering internal and external
surfaces.
MEMBRANES
• SEROUS MEMBRANES
– double-walled
membrane - produces
a watery fluid, lines
closed body cavities.
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
– lines thoracic or
chest cavity and
protects the lungs.
• 1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the
PARIETAL membrane.
• 2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.
PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE
Lines the heart
cavity & protects
the heart.
PERITONEAL MEMBRANE
Lines the abdominal
cavity and protects
abdominal organs.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Lines digestive,
respiratory,
reproductive and
urinary systems –
produces mucous to
lubricate and protect
the lining.
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
• ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act
together to perform a specific, related function
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 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Digestive
 Respiratory
 Circulatory- most complex
 Excretory
Nervous- brain nerves and spinal cord
 Endocrine- makes hormones
 Reproductive
Integumentary
System I.e. SKIN
Skeleton System
Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Tibia
Muscular System
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
Digestive System
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Villi
Respiratory System
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Bronchus
Urinary System
Nephron
Kidney
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
Nervous System
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Dendrite
Cell body
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Myelin sheath
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
terminals
Corpus
callosum
Cerebellum
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Reproductive System
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Anterior View
Sagitt
al
View
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Ovary
Vagina