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The Knee ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 Objectives • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: – Describe the functions of the knee – Describe the ligament structure of the knee – Explain the function of the patellofemoral joint – List and define various sports-related injuries of the knee ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 The Knee • One of the most complex joints in the body – Most movements and activities depend on it for support and mobility – There is risk of overuse and traumatic injury in both contact and noncontact sports ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33 The Knee (cont’d.) • Two types of cartilage in the knee joint: – Articular cartilage – Menisci ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 44 The Knee (cont’d.) • Ligaments – Medial collateral ligament (MCL) – Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 55 The Knee (cont’d.) • Patellofemoral joint – Allows knee flexion and extension to occur with a lesser amount of quadriceps force ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 66 Knee Injuries • Patellofemoral problems – Articulation of the patella with the femur • Symptoms: • Treatment: ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 77 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Patellar tendonitis – Inflammation of the patellar tendon – Caused by high-force, repetitive strain • Symptoms: anterior knee pain and local tenderness • Treatment: activity modification, stretching, ice, bracing, and taping ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 88 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Fat pad syndrome – Infrapatellar fat pad is a region of fatty tissue that lies underneath the patellar tendon • Symptoms: • Treatment: ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 99 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Medial collateral ligament (MCL) sprain – Caused by a blow to the outside of the knee or a high-energy twisting • Symptoms: • Treatment: ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1010 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Torn anterior cruciate ligament – Females are now more susceptible – Can occur from contact or noncontact causes • Symptoms: • Treatment: ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1111 Animation - ACL Click Here to Play ACL Animation ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Posterior cruciate ligament tear – Most occur during a fall on the flexed (bent) knee with the foot plantar flexed or hyperflexion (bending too far) of the knee • Symptoms: positive “sag test” • Treatment: PRICE, physical therapy and rehabilitation ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1313 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Meniscus tears – Occur when the knee is twisted suddenly and one or both menisci become trapped between the femur and tibia or ligaments in and around the knee are torn • Symptoms: • Treatment: ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1414 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Epiphyseal (growth-plate) injuries – Knee is subject to sports-induced trauma at the centers of bone growth in skeletally immature athletes – May alter the length of the affected bone • Serious injury for a growing athlete ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1515 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Osgood-Schlatter condition – Group of symptoms involving the tibial tubercle epiphysis • Symptoms: • Treatment: ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1616 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Iliotibial band syndrome – Occurs when there is inflammation of the iliotibial band • Irritation usually occurs over the outside of the knee joint, at the lateral epicondyle • Treatment: rule out mechanical problems or training errors, proper footwear, ice, and stretching ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1717 Knee Injuries (cont’d.) • Fractures – Result of high-energy trauma – Vary in location and severity • Patella fracture is usually the result of direct impact to the anterior knee • Distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures may occur from violent twisting injuries ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1818 Conclusion • The knee is the largest joint in the body, and one of the most prone to injury – Made up of the femur, tibia, and patella – Also contains large ligaments that help control motion • These ligaments connect bones and brace the joint against abnormal types of motion • Other parts of the knee, like cartilage, cushion the joint and help it absorb shock during motion ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1919
