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Human anatomy
Bones of Upper Limb
Shoulder Girdle
Bones of Free Upper Limb
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Bones of the hand
Clavicle
Each clavicle has one shaft and two ends
1)medial end is named as sternal end,
2)lateral end is acromial end,
3)The shaft has two curvatures, the medial twothirds is rounded and convex forwards, the lateral
one-third is flat, and convex backwards to meet the
scapula.
Subclavian groove
Scapula
The scapula presents
two surfaces-costal and
dorsal
three borders-lateral,
medial and superior
three angles-lateral,
inferior and superior
three processes-spine,
acromion and
coracoid process
1)The costal surface :
Present a broad concave-subscapular fossa
2)The dorsal surface
is divided by the spine of
scapula, into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa; both fossae
communicate through
the spinoglenoid notch
The spine ends laterally
called the acromion
3)Lateral (axillary) border presents an
infraglenoid tubercle
4)Medial (vertebral )border extends from the
superior to the inferior angles.
spinoglenoid notch
5)Superior border
extends from superior
angle to the root of
coracoid process, where
it presents a
suprascapular notch.
coracoid process
projects anteriorly
from the superior
border
6)The lateral angle of the
scapula bears a pear-shaped
shallow glenoid cavity. A rough
supraglenoid tubercle above
glenoid cavity
7) Inferior angle
8) Superior angle
Humerus
it articulates with the scapula
at the shoulder joint superiorly
and with the radius and ulna
at elbow joint inferiorly.
It presents upper and lower
ends, and an intervening shaft.
1)At the upper end :
head
anatomical neck
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
intertubercular groove
the surgical neck
2)The shalf of humerus :
Intertubercular sulcus
presents lateral and
medial lips, and a floor.
deltoid tuberosity ,
radial groove
3) At the lower end
of the humerus :two
condyles, a medial
trochlea and a
lateral capitulum.
Medial and lateral
epicondyles
medial and lateral
supracondylar
ridges.
coronoid fossa ,
radial fossa
olecranon fossa
Bones of the forearm
Two long bones,
radius and ulna,
concave surface
Radius
circumference of the head
The radius presents
tuberosity
upper and lower ends,
and a shaft.
1)Upper end consists of
head (superior concave
interosseous
border
surface ,circumference
of the head) neck and a
radial tuberosity
2)Shaft is triangular and
presents the interosseous
(medial) border
styloid process
3)The lower end
of the radius is
flared. It has a
medial ulnar
notch, lateral
styloid process
Ulna
The ulna is the medial bone of
the forearm. It consists of
upper and lower ends, and an
intervening shaft.
1)upper end are two prominent
projections, the olecranon
process and coronoid process.
ulnar tuberosity, trochlear
notch, radial notch
2) The shaft of the
ulna :three
borders-anterior,
posterior and
interosseous
(lateral).
3) The lower end :
head of the ulna.
styloid process
tuberosity
interosseous
border
head of the ulna
styloid
process
olecranon process
peripheral margin
trochlear notch
coronoid process
radial notch
tuberosity
interosseous border
radius
styloid process
ulna
styloid process
anular ligament
oblique
cord
triangular
gap
interosseous
membrane
Bones of the hand
Carpal bones arranged in proximal and distal
rows, each row presenting four bones, from lateral
to medial side :
proximal row are:
scaphoid(boat-shaped)
lunate (moon-like)
triquetral (triangular)
pisiform (pea-shaped)
distal row are:
trapezium (little table)
trapezoid (four-sided)
capitate (head-shaped)
hamate(hooked)
Metacarpal bones
The metacarpal bones
consists of five long
bones which are
numbered 1 to 5 from
the thumb to little
finger. Each of them
has a shaft, two ends
which are base
superiorly and head
inferiorly
Phalanges
Total number of
phalangeal bones is
fourteen in number,
three phalanges for
each medial four
fingers and two
phalanges for the
thumb.
These bones are
referred to as
proximal phalanx,
middle phalanx and
distal phalanx
respectively. Each has
a head, shaft and
proximal base. The
heads of the distal
phalanges carry a
palmar tuberosity.