Download Chapter 4

Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues
Seventh Edition
Michael D. Johnson
4
From Cells to
Organ Systems
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentations by
Robert J. Sullivan
Marist College
OBJECTIVES
•Define tissues, organ, and organ systems
• Discuss the 4 primary tissues (epithelial; connective;
muscular; nervous) and membranes of the body
• Describe body position or direction and the different
cavities
• Describe the 11 organ systems found in the body
• Describe the skin as an organ
• Explain how homeostasis is maintained
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Tissues
 Groups of same type of cells with a common
function
 Four tissue types:
–
–
–
–
Epithelial
Connective tissues
Muscle
Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues
 Two basic purposes
1. Line body cavities and cover surfaces
2. Glandular epithelia
– Epithelial cells make up glands
– Exocrine glands
– Secrete into ducts
– Endocrine glands
– Secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages
throughout the body
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Epithelial Tissues: Classification
 Shape
– Squamous
– Flattened cells
– Cuboidal
– Cube shaped
– Columnar
– Column shaped
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Epithelial Tissues: Classification
 Number of layers
– Simple/single-layered
– Adapted for diffusion
– Stratified/multiple-layered
– Provide protection, as in the skin surface
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How would the following epithelial tissue be
called based on the layering and shape?
A
B
D
C
Allposters.com
www.studyblue.com
www.nku.edu
Kidney tubule
E
F
Red
blood
cells
Pathguy.com
www.medtrrng.net
Lining of blood vessel
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Microanatomy.net
Epithelial Attachments
 Basement membrane: attaches epithelial layer to
underlying tissues
– Cell Junctions: cell to cell attachment
tight
adhesion
gap
 What is the function of each type of junction?
 Which junction suits the following cells: skin; stomach; heart. Explain
why.
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Cell Junctions—Hold Adjacent Cells Together
 Tight junctions
– Seal plasma membranes tightly together
– Digestive tract epithelial lining
 Adhesion junctions/ desmosomes
– Allow tissues to stretch and bend
– Skin lining cells
 Gap junctions
– Protein channels enable movement of materials
between cells
– Heart muscle cells
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Connective Tissue
 General functions
–
–
–
–
Supports organs of body
Connects parts of body
Stores fat
Produces blood cells (bone)
 Contains cells embedded in nonliving extracellular
matrix
 Two general types
– Fibrous and special
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Fibrous Connective Tissue
 Contains collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts
embedded in gel-like matrix
 Four general types
– Loose: surrounds many organs, around blood
vessels
– Dense: forms tendons, ligaments
– Elastic: maintains shape, example wall of aorta
– Reticular: makes up internal framework of soft
organs (liver) and the lymphatic system
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Figure 4.4
Elastin fibers
Fibroblast
Collagen
fibers
Loose connective tissue: around organs
Collagen
fibers
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Dense connective tissue (In tendons and
ligaments )
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Specialized Connective Tissues Serve Special
Functions




Cartilage e.g. in trachea, ear
Bone – support, movement
Blood- transport of material
Adipose tissue: made of fat cells; function in
insulation, protection, and energy storage
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Muscle Tissue
What is the primary purpose of muscle tissue?
Contraction, produce movement
What are the three main types and their function?
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Which ones are voluntary?
Skeletal
Which ones are in voluntary?
cardiac and smooth muscle
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Nervous Tissues
• What is the primary function?
• What is the difference between a
neuron and a glial cell?
• What is the purpose of the
dendrites? Of the axon?
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dendrites
axon
cell body
Nervous Tissues Transmit Impulses
 Neuron: specialized nervous system cell
– Function: generate and transmit electrical impulses
– Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon
 Glial cells
– Function:
– Surround and protect
neurons
Provide nutrients to neurons
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From Cells to Organ to Organ Systems
 What are organs?
 What are organ systems?
 What are the 11 organ systems of the human
body?
 Use 1 – 5 words to describe each system
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Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex
Functions
 Organs
– Contain two or more tissue types joined together;
perform specific functions
 Organ systems
– Groups of organs that perform a common function
– Examples
– Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach, intestines,
and liver
– Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Body Cavities
 Anterior cavity
– Thoracic cavity
– Two pleural cavities
– Pericardial cavity
– Abdominal cavity
 Posterior cavity
– Cranial cavity
– Spinal cavity
 Tissue membranes (serous membranes) line
anterior body cavities
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The Main Body Cavities
Which organs do the
following cavities hold ?
• Pericardial
• Pleural
• Abdominal
• Pelvic
• Cranial
• Vertebral
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Figure 4.8
Tissue Membranes
What is the purpose of tissue membranes?
 Serous: lines body cavities, reduces friction between
organs
 Mucous: Lines airways, digestive tract, reproductive
tract
lubricates surface open to the outside; captures debris
 Synovial: lines spaces in movable joints
 Cutaneous: skin, protective outer covering
Q: What kind of membrane would you expect to find
lining a pleural cavity? Explain.
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Describing Body Position or Direction
 Three body planes
– Midsagittal
– Divides body into left and right sides
– Frontal
– Divides body into front and back
– Transverse
– Divides body into top and bottom
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Figure 4.9
Superior
(closer to
the head or
upper part of
a structure)
Frontal
plane
Transverse
plane
Distal
(farther away
from the trunk)
Proximal
(nearer to
the trunk)
Inferior
Posterior
(farther from
the head or
toward the
lower part of
a structure)
(at or near
the back)
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Anterior
Midsagittal
plane
(at or near
the front)
Describing Body Position or Direction
 Terms to describe relative position
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Anterior: at or near the front
Posterior: at or near the back
Proximal: nearer to the body trunk
Distal: farther away from the body trunk
Superior: situated above or directed upward
Inferior: situated below or directed downward
Medial: toward the midline
Lateral: away from the midline
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The Skin As an Organ System
 The proper name is integumentary system
 Includes skin, hair, nails, glands
 Functions
–
–
–
–
–
–
Protection from dehydration
Protects from injury
Serves as defense against microorganisms
Regulates body temperature
Makes vitamin D
Provides sensation
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Skin: Integumentary System
• Describe 5 functions
• Name the 2 layers
• What tissues make up
each layer?
• Identify the
accessories
• Purpose of
hypodermis?
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Figure
4.10
Which of the four tissue
types are absent in this
diagram?
The Epidermis and Upper Dermis
The epidermis consist of
two main cell types:
waterproof keratinocytes
and melanin-producing
melanocytes
Why do we have diverse
skin color?
Why do the outer layers of
epidermal cells die?
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Accessory Structures
 Hair
 Smooth muscle
– raises hair to upright position




Oil glands
Sweat glands
Blood vessels
Sensory nerves
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Homeostasis
 Maintains constant internal environment
 Mechanisms
-negative feedback: deviations detected and counteracted
• controlled variable
• sensor
• control center
• set point
• effector
temperature
receptor on nerve ends
brain
37oC
shiver (muscles contract)
sweat (glands secrete H2O)
Blood vessels dilate/constrict
positive feedback: amplifies original change
Example: process of childbirth
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Homeostasis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Activity: Homeostasis
Glucose is simple sugar that provides energy to all of the cells in your body.
Your body tries to keep a constant supply of glucose for your cells by
maintaining a constant glucose concentration (70 – 100 mg/dL) in your
blood---otherwise, your cells would have more than enough glucose right
after a meal and starve in between meals and overnight.
When you have an oversupply of glucose, the pancreas secretes insulin which
stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. It also
stimulates fat cells to use up parts of glucose to make fat.
If the level of glucose drops below normal (e.g. fasting), the pancreas releases
the hormone glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver and muscles to break
down stored glycogen to release glucose.
Identify: controlled variable, sensor, control center, set point, effector
Q: Is this a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.