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Objectives
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
Describe the location of the major body cavities
List the organs located in each of the body cavities
Name the major systems of the body
List the organs associated with each system
Describe the general functions of each system
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions,
body sections, and body regions
 Demonstrate the directional and regional terms
 Name and describe the structural levels of living things
 State the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root
words of this unit
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Anatomy and Physiology
 Anatomy
 Study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s
parts in relationship to one another
- gross: general body structures that can be seen with
the naked eye
- microscopic:cannot be seen with the naked eye
- cytology: study of cells
- histology: study of tissues
 Physiology
 Study of how the body and it’s parts function
 the physiology, or function, of a particular body part is
dependent upon its structure. Often the topics of
anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate and are
taught together.
Gross Body Regions
 Head (cephalic) and neck (cervical)
 Extremities
- arms
- legs
 Trunk (body minus the head, neck and extremities)
- chest (thoracic)
- abdomen (celiac)
- back
Levels of Structural Organization
Atom: building blocks of matter
Molecules: group of atoms joined together
Cells:the basic unit of life
Tissues: groups of similar cells working together
- epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, connective
tissue, muscle tissue
 Organs: groups of similar tissues working together
 Organ Systems: organs working together to perform a
specific body function
 Organism: living body
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Body Systems
 Integumentary: protects internal body structures against
injury and foreign substances; prevents fluid loss; important
in temperature regulation
 Skeletal:supports and protects soft tissues and organs;
provides framework; attachments for muscles; produces
blood cells
 Muscular:moves body and its parts; maintenance of posture;
production of body heat
 Nervous:controls and integrates body activities; responsible
for "higher functions" such as thought and reasoning
 Endocrine:regulates body metabolism
Body Systems Cont.
 Cardiovascular:transports materials between different cells
and tissues
 Immune:protects the body against infection and invasion
 Respiratory:provides for the intake and output of air, as
well as the exchange of gases
 Digestive:supplies body with substance (food) from which
energy is derived; transports wastes from the body
 Urinary:filters wastes from the blood; helps maintain water
and electrolyte balance
 Reproductive:produces gametes; continues the species
Anatomical Terminology
Why?
 Correct anatomical terminology allows people to
communicate effectively and accurately
 Body Positions
- Anatomical Position:body erect, feet on
floor and slightly apart, head and palms
facing forward
- Supine: body lying face upward
- Prone: body lying face downward
Anatomical Terminology Cont.
 Directional Terms
- anterior (ventral)--the front side of the body
- posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the body
- superior (cranial)--toward the head
- inferior (caudal)--away from the head
- medial--toward the midline of the body
- lateral--away from the midline of the body
- proximal--closer to the point of attachment
- distal--farther from the point of attachment
- superficial (external)--located close to or on the body
surface
- deep (internal)--located beneath the body surface
Regional Terms
 Anterior
 Abdominal: anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
 Acromial: point of shoulder
 Antebrachial: forearm
 Antecubital: anterior surface of elbow
 Axillary: armpit
 Brachial: arm
 Buccal: cheek area
 Carpal: wrist
 Cervical: neck region
 Coxal: hip
 Crural: leg
 Deltoid: curve of shoulder area formed by large deltoid
muscle
Regional Terms Cont.
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Digital: fingers, toes
Femoral: thigh
Fibular: lateral part of leg
Frontal: forehead
Inguinal: area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Nasal: nose area
Oral: mouth
Orbital: eye area
Patellar: anterior knee
Pelvic: area overlying the pelvis
Pubic: genital region
Sternal: breastbone area
Tarsal: ankle region
Thoracic: chest
Umbilical: navel
Regional Terms Cont.
 Posterior
 Calcaneal: heel of foot
 Cephalic: head
 Femoral: thigh
 Gluteal: buttock
 Lumbar: area of back between ribs and hips
 Occipital: posterior surface of head
 Olecranal: posterior surface of elbow
 Popliteal: posterior knee area
 Sacral: area between hips
 Scapular: shoulder blade region
 Sural: the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
 Vertebral: area of spine
 Plantar: sole of the foot
Body Planes and Sections
 Sagittal:longitudinal section that divides the body into right
and left portions
- median or midsagittal:directly down the middle of the
body
- parasagittal:divides anywhere except for right down the
middle; divides the body into unequal parts
 Frontal (coronal):divides the body into anterior and
posterior portions
 Transverse:divides the body into superior (top) and inferior
(bottom) portions
Sagittal MRI Scans
Transverse MRI Scans Cont.
Coronal MRI Scans
Body Cavities
 Dorsal (posterior)
- cranial cavity--houses the brain
- spinal (vertebral) cavity--contains the spinal cord
 Ventral (anterior)
- thoracic cavity
- pericardial cavity-surrounds the heart
- pleural cavities--surrounds the lungs
- abdominopelvic
- abdominal cavity--contains the stomach, spleen, liver,
gall bladder, pancreas, and the small and large intestine
- pelvic cavity--contains the lower part of the digestive
system (rectum), the urinary bladder, and the internal
reproductive organs of the female
Body Cavities Cont.
 Abdominopelvic Cavity
- four quadrants
- right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- right lower quadrant(RLQ)
- left upper quadrant(LUQ)
- left lower quadrant(LLQ)
- Nine regions
epigastric--upper middle portion
umbilical--central portion
hypogastric--lower middle portion
hypochondriac--either side of epigastric
lumbar--either side of umbilical
iliac--either side of hypogastric
Body Cavities Cont.
 Oral: commonly called the mouth, contains teeth and tongue
 Nasal: posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system
passageways
 Orbital: house the eyes
 Middle Ear: medial to the eardrums