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CNS Gross Anatomy
1
Roles of the CNS
• Functions of neurons in the CNS (brain and spinal
cord) include:
– Sensor: Receives environmental and body stimuli
– Integrator: Combines information received
– Effector: Initiates body movements
– Regulator: Maintains homeostatic state for body
function
2
Nervous System
• The CNS is protected and isolated.
– Bone offers protection from injury
• Skull covers brain
• Vertebral Column covers spinal cord
– The is encased in soft-tissue membranes
– The brain’s blood vessels stop many subastances
from entering the brain (blood-brain barrier)
• Protects from contamination/infection
– The brain floats in cerebral spinal fluid
• Offers protection from impact
3
The Meninges
• Dura Mater: Tough outer covering
• Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer
• Pia Mater: Inner closely formed
layer
4
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Located between the
meninges and in the
ventricular cavities of the
brain
• Produced in the
ventricular cavities by the
choroid plexus
• Functions
– mechanical buffer
– fluid for metabolic functions
5
"Copyright © 2005 by Thompson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED"
CSF
• CSF is in ventricles, subarchnoid
space, interventricular foramens, and
around the spine.
• Circulates from ventricles around brain
and spinal column
• Is finally absorbed by venous system
• Replenishes at ventricles every 7 hours
6
Divisions of the PNS
• Somatic Nervous System (under voluntary control)
– Sensory and Motor
– Skin and Muscles
• Autonomic Nervous System (can not be voluntarily
controlled).
–
–
–
–
Sensory and Motor
Visceral organs and glands
Two main subdivisions:
Sympathetic: Fight, Flight, Fear
• Prepare to expend energy
– Parasympathetic: Regulates normal function
• Prepare to conserve energy
7
Major Structures of the Brain
• Longitudinal Fissure
– Separates Two Hemispheres of the Brain
– Aka ‘Interhemispheric Fissure’
8
• The folds of your brain are like a fingerprint – there are
a few general patterns, with individual variability.
• Two main folds
– Central Sulcus
Fissure of Rolando
Rolandic sulcus
– Lateral sulcus
Sylvian fissure
 The central sulcus separates
the frontal and parietal lobes.
 The lateral sulcus separates
the temporal lobe from frontal,
parietal, insula
9
The major cortical lobes
Insular Lobe – Tucked
away, but often injured
in patients seen by
speech pathologists
10
Major medial sulci
Central Sulcus
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Calcarine Sulcus
Preoccipital Notch
11
Landmarks of the frontal lobe
•
•
•
•
•
•
Frontal Pole
Precentral Gyrus
Precentral Sulcus
Premotor Cortex
Speech, Fine Motor
Prefrontal Cortex
12
Frontal Lobe Functions
• Motor Function
• Cognitive Functions
• Reasoning, Abstract
Thinking, SelfMonitoring, Decision
Making, Planning,
Inhibition
• Organization of
Spoken Language
Frontal Motoric Areas
13
Broca Area – speech production
Pars triangularis
(Inferior fronal gyrus)
Pars orbitalis
(Inferior frontal gyrus)
Pars opercularis
(Inferior frontal gyrus)
14
Parietal Lobe Landmarks
• Post Central Gyrus (PoCG)
– Primary Sensory Cortex
• Superior and Inferior Parietal
Lobules (SPL, AnG,SmG)
– Perceptual Synthesis, Spatial
Orientation, Memory
• Angular Gyrus (AnG)
Supramarginal Gyrus (SMG)
– In Dominant Hemisphere:
Reading, Writing and
Calculation
15
The homunculus (little man)
• The motor strip (red, frontal
cortex) and primary sensory
cortex (green, parietal) spatially
map corresponding portions of
the contralateral hemisphere.
16
Temporal Lobe – Major External
Gyri
• Superior Temporal Gyrus
• Middle Temporal Gyrus
• Inferior Temporal Gyri
Temporal Pole
17
Temporal Operculum
• Dorsal surface of STG is
called the ‘Temporal
Operculum’ (Lip)
– Middle section: Heschel’s Gyri
(Brodmann Areas 41 + 42)
• Auditory Reception Cortex
– Posterior section: Wernicke’s
Area (Brodmann 22)
• Auditory Association Cortex
Heschl’s Gyrus
• Primary auditory cortex
found in Heschl’s gyrus
• This is organized
tonotopically – a high
pitched sound excites a
different region than low
pitched sounds.
19
Superior Temporal Gyrus
• Auditory Cortex lies
inside the Superior
Temporal Sulcus
• Part of the superior
temporal gyrus that is
planum temporale
imperative for the
(nonprimary AC)
Heschl’s gyrus
perception of speech is
(primary AC)
Heschl’s gyrus
planum
polare
(nonprimary
AC)
Ventral-Medial Structures
• Temporal Lobe
– Fusiform gyrys (Face
Recognition)
– Hippocampal Gyrus
(places, memory)
– Uncus (smell)
• Occipital lobe
– Cuneus and Lingual
gyrus (primary vision)
21
Medial View
Ventral-Medial Structures
Uncus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Fusiform Gyrus
Lingual Gyrus
Cerebellum and
Brainstem removed
22
Occipital Lobe
• Occipital Pole (medial)
– Medially: cuneus and lingual
gyrus: primary visual cortex
– Clinically: field cuts, blindsight
• Lateral occipital structures:
– Superior, Lateral and Superior
Occipital Gyris: Secondary Visual
Cortex (Association)
23
Language Areas
24
Insular Lobe (Isle of Reil)
• Deep in Lateral Fissure
– Functions: Language(?), taste, disgust,
cravings (e.g. smoking)
Midsagittal Surface
• Corpus Callosum
– Connects Hemispheres
• Limbic System
– Emotions
•
•
•
•
Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
26
Midsagittal Surface
Corpus
Callosum
Cingulate
Gyrus
Septum
Uncus
Fornix
27
Transverse Slice
Fornix
Claustrum
Putamen
Caudate Nucleus
Thalamus
Globus Pallidus
28
Brain Stem
Optic
Nerve
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Optic
Chiasm
Optic
Tract
Pes
Pedunculi
Pituitary
Stalk
29
Basal Ganglia
•
•
•
•
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus (Pallidum)
Caudate Nucleus
+Putamen = Striatum
• Putamen + Globus
Pallidus = Lenticular
Nucleus
30
Striatum
Head of
Caudate
Nucleus
Cleft for
Internal Capsule
Thalmus
Putamen
Amygdaloid
Nucleus
Tail of
Caudate Nucleus
31
Lateral View
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