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Odin Astronomy Workshop Paris — 16-17 March 2007 Water in comets: Odin observations in a historical perspective Jacques Crovisier and the Meudon comet group Observatoire de Paris Important steps in cometary science: I — historic milestones • 1819 — Arago observes polarisation of C/1819 N1: evidence for reflected sunlight. • 1864 — Donati observes emission bands in C/1864 N1 (Tempel): evidence for fluorescence. • 1868 — Huggins compares the spectrum of C/1868 L1 (Winnecke) with laboratory spectra. • 1930—1940 — Wurm & Swings postulate that cometary radicals come from parent molecules (water…). • ca 1950 — Whipple and the dirty snow ball model. First cometary spectrum observed visually by G. B. Donati C/1864 N1 (Tempel) Donati, 1864, Astron. Nachr., 62, 375 Giovanni Donati (1826—1873} C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) réseau + caméra CCD © C. Buil 1868 : first identification of cometary emission bands by Huggins (1824—1910) comète cellule à étincelles lunette échantillon de gaz William Huggins (1824—1910) spectroscope Sun Carbon (olive oil) Carbon (ethane) C/1868 L1 (Winnecke) 5D/Brorsen Spark spectrum Huggins, 1868, Phil. Trans. 158, 529 (adapted by Schellen) Important steps in cometary science: II — modern techniques • ca 1970 — Space observations of H, OH. • 1973 — Observations of OH in C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) with the Nançay radio telescope. • 1985—1986 — IR observations of water in 1P/Halley. • 1996 — ISO observations of water in C/1985 O1 (HaleBopp)… • 1999 — SWAS observation of water in C/1999 H1 (Lee). Then comes Odin… Odin ISO : water bands Crovisier et al. Science, 1997 First observations of rotational lines of water in comets ISO : C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) SWAS : C/1999 H1 (Lee) Biver et al., 2007, PASS, in press Why study cometary water? The motor of cometary activity: # sublimation # thermodynamical processes Contributions to planetary atmospheres The « snow lines » for various volatiles The evolution of the production rates of water and other species with heliocentric distance: clues to the sublimation mechanisms Biver et al. 2002 Earth Moon Planets, 90, 5 Water as the main volatile species Molecules from cometary ices: The inventory of relative abundances Bockelée-Morvan et al. 2005, in Comets II, Festou et al. edts, Univ. Arizona Press (with updates) Remote sensing studies of comets X 15 XA Crovisier, 2005, Int. Comets Quart., 27, 3 The need for a reliable excitation/tranfer model Escape probability method vs Monte Carlo simulations ==> presentation by Vladimir Zakharov Achievements of Odin from cometary observations • check of Odin pointing • monitoring of water production • support to space missions (Deep Space 1, Deep Impact) • kinematics of water from line shapes • constraints to cometary models from maps • first observation of H218O — 18O/16O ratio • observations of ammonia Open issues on cometary water possible clues to the origins • Isotopic ratios: • D/H ratio not studied with ODIN • 18O/16O ==> see presentation by Nicolas Biver • The ortho-to-para ratio and spin temperature: not studied with Odin The D/H ratio in the Solar System Ortho-to-para ratios of cometary molecules as a function of temperature Ortho-to-Para ratios and spin temperatures Table from Kawakita et al. 2004, ApJ 601, 1152 C/2001 C/1999 C/1999 C/2001 Q4 S4 H1 A2 (NEAT) (LINEAR) (Lee) (LINEAR) methane water water water Recent Tspin Tspin Tspin Tspin results = 33±3 K > 30 K ≈ 30 K = 23±4 K Kawakita et al. 2005, ApJ 623, L49 Dello Russo et al. 2005, ApJ 621, 537 idem idem Why are all these temperatures similar? What is their signification? Prospective More comets with Odin? • Odin is still alive • TOO comets • 8P/Tuttle next winter: •Q[H2O] = 3.E28 s-1 •Delta = 0.25 AU Water and related chemistry in the Solar System A GT-KP planetary program proposed for Herschel P. Hartogh, E. Lellouch, J. Crovisier et al. Mars Outer planets Comets Comets for Herschel GT-KP 144P/Kushida January 2009 Q[H2O] = 0.8 1028 s-1 22P/Kopff May 2009 Q[H2O] = 2.5 1028 s-1 81P/Wild 2 February 2010 the Stardust comet Q[H2O] = 1.3 1028 s-1 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 Search for H2O 103P/Hartley 2 October 2010 Q[H2O] = 1.2 1028 s-1 D = 0.12 AU TOO comet Q[H2O] > 1029 s-1 MIRO: the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter Gulkis et al., 2007, SSR (in press) H2O 557 GHz C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) Reminder for future instruments: The solar elongation constraint is a strong penalty for cometary observations!! Solar elongation constraint for various observatories: C/2006 P1 (McNaught) thank you for your attention