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Chapter 3
The Conquistadores
Spanish soldiers on military
expeditions
Hernando Cortes
1485-1547
Spanish conquistador
Fought the Aztecs and
overthrew their empire
Claimed Cuba and
Mexico for Spain
Cortes became a hero
in his homeland
Cortes’ Route
The Mighty Aztecs
The first major American
civilization to fall to the
Spanish was that of the
Aztecs. The Aztecs were
a powerful nation that
was still growing when
the Spaniards appeared
at the southern border of
the Valley of Mexico.
The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, was a
splendid complex of cities, lakes, and canals
that was the powerful center of Mesoamerican
civilization.
Aztec spies learned that these
men were called Spaniards.
The news was
immediately
taken to
Moctezuma II
who was the
Aztec emperor.
The Spaniards burned their
ships and set off on horses to
Tenochtitlan.
Cortes set out from the
Gulf Coast with 400
Spaniards, 16 horses,
and several cannons.
On his way to
Tenochtitlan Cortes
persuaded many
enemies of the Aztec
people to join him as he
marched through their
lands.
On November 8, 1519 Cortes
began to fight with the Aztecs.
Cortes took Moctezuma II
hostage and tried to control
the city of Tenochtitlan.
Moctezuma II told his people to
make peace with the Spaniards.
The Aztecs felt that Moctezuma was not a
brave ruler so the Aztecs elected Cuitlahuac,
his brother, as the new ruler. Moctezuma II
was pelted with stones for continually
begging the Aztecs to make peace with the
Spaniards. Moctezuma II fell and the
Spaniards carried him back to the palace.
Moctezuma died a few days later; it is not
known whether he died of his wounds or was
killed by the Spaniards, to whom he was no
longer of any use.
The new Aztec leader, Cuitlahuac,
was an experienced warrior who had
always been opposed to the
Spaniards.
Cortes decided to retreat
but during this retreat
the Spaniards loss
many soldiers. After
regrouping and
reinforced largely by
Aztec enemies, the
Spanish returned to
Tenochtitlan in 1521.
The Spanish and their allies blockaded
the city, denying the Aztecs food and
water.
An outbreak of small
pox further
weakened the city’s
defenders. Cortes
finally pushed his
way into the city and
burned all of the
Aztec buildings so
that hardly a trace of
the city remained.
Chicago, 2007
FYI
• Small-pox is
extremely
contagious; roughly
one-third of the
population will die
from it. Van der
Zeijst: ‘This is why
we produced
another 20 million
doses of smallpox
vaccines in 2002.’
The Spaniards had won. The Aztec
capital was destroyed on August
31, 1521. The final attack of
Tenochtitlan was led by the
Spaniards who had 400 men with
150,000 native allies. They had
returned to destroy Tenochtitlan
house by house and built Mexico
City on top of the destroyed city.
Francisco Pizarro
1478-1541
Spanish conquest
1532
Wanted fame and
fortune
Peru, South America
Conquered Incan
empire for their gold
Pizarro’s Route
Background
• Empire extended along
the Pacific coast and
Andean highlands
from northern border
of modern Ecuador to
Maule River in central
Chile
• Inca originated in
village of Paqaritampu, about 15mi
south of Cuzco
• Official language:
Quecha
• Road system strictly
controlled by
government
• Tribes controlled by
the Incas were
severely taxed and
harvest were collected
yearly
• This caused great
resentment toward
the Incas
• rituals included forms
of divination, sacrifice
of humans and
animals
• November 16, 1532:
Atahualpa captured
by Spaniards, offered
gold for his freedom.
• Pizarro accepted more
than 11-20 tons of
gold
($6 million+) baubles,
dishes, icons,
ornaments, jewelry, &
vases, but never
released Atahualpa.
• July 26, 1533:
Atahualpa was killed
Ponce De Leon
1460-1521
Found Gulf stream
Sailed with Chris
Columbus in 1513
Went to the Bahamas
Searched for Fountain
of Youth
Found the west coast
of Florida in 1513
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
(literally meaning cow’s head)
• A survivor from Narvaez, traveled with
Estavanico to Texas
• One of few conquistadors to learn from
natives and treat them with respect
• These travels encourage de Soto and
others to search for the riches of the New
World
Hernando de Soto
1500?-1542
Ruthless, the first European to cross
North Carolina, ALABAMA, and
Mississippi
the first European to explore Florida
in 1539
Died near the mouth of the
Mississippi
De Soto’s Route
Francisco Coronado
1510-1554
Spanish explorer
In 1540 left for Mexico City looking
for fame fortune
SEVEN CITIES OF GOLD ???
CIBOLA
Led by Estevanico (de Vaca’s
traveling companion)
First to find the Grand Canyon
Expedition was called a failure in
1542
Coronado’s Route
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
• Claimed for Spain the Western coast of
present day California
Section 2
Spanish America
• American Empire was ruled by the Council
of the Indies
• Viceroyalty of Peru (South America)
• Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico and
North America)
Council of the Indies
Wrote laws, selected officials
and judged
Viceroyalty of Peru
South America
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Central America, Mexico,
US
• These new empires made a tremendous
amount of $$$ for Spain
• From 1503-1660
• 200 tons of gold
• 18,600 tons of silver
3 kinds of settlements
• Pueblos- business centers
• Missions- to convert the Natives to
Catholicism
• Presidios-military forts
Bartolome de Las Casas
• Had a problem with the encomienda
system
• The Indians were taxed or enslaved
Franciscans tried to lighten the burden on the Indians, but the settlers
and government refused to give up the profitable arrangement, and in
any case, the friars themselves placed heavy demands on the pueblos
to support the missions. Still, some changes brought by the Spanish
were beneficial.
• To make money off the natives, the
Spanish sold them into slavery to work the
plantations in the Caribbean
• This too was a failure and the deaths of
the Natives continued
• In 1598 a party led by Juan de Onate
came to New Mexico to plant a permanent
colony.
•
Agriculture too proved difficult in the harsh climate. Relations with the
Indians soured when the soldiers attempted to collect tribute to the Crown.
Spain finally concluded that New Mexico would never be profitable.
However, the Pope had charged the Spanish Crown with Christianizing the
.
• Pope led a revolt against the Spanish that
lasted only a short time- Spanish regained
control
natives of the New World
Pope’- Pueblo uprising
• August, 1680, when disputes having
arisen between the civil and ecclesiastical
authorities, the Indians broke into
rebellion, destroyed the missions and the
religious archives, and murdered twentyone of the thirty-three Franciscans as well
as several hundred colonists.
El Camino Real “Royal Road”
• Was created to connect the Spanish
settlements
• Too far apart- the settlements were hard to
govern or protect
• The main goal of Spain was to continue to
Christianize the native
• Although the wealth of Mexico and South
America was not found in this new territory
Colonial Society
Peninsulares
Spaniards born in Spain
Criollos
Born in Americas to Spanish
Mestizos
Born to Spanish and American Indians
Section 3
• Religious and Political Changes in Europe
Martin Luther
The Catholic Church in 1500
• The Catholic Church was the most
powerful institution in Europe
– Mass performed in Latin
– in charge of education and held the monopoly
on information
– held a great deal of property
– Corruption in the Church
Luther’s Problems with the
Catholic Church
• Luther had two major problems with the Catholic
church:
– Indulgences
– Justification
• Other problems
–
–
–
–
communion,
services in Latin,
celibacy among the clergy
Role of Scripture
Henry VIII joins the Protestant
movement
• Though he and Catherine of Aragon had
been married twenty years, Henry’s
obsession with creating a male heir made
him seek an annulment of his marriage.
• Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope
Clement VII’s permission, but was unable.
• Henry created the Reformation Parliament
in 1529
Henry VIII
Henry’s Wives
Catherine of Aragon
(1509-1533)
Anne of Cleves
(1540)
Anne Boleyn
(1533-1536)
Catherine Howard
(1540-1542)
Jane Seymour
(1536-1537)
Katherine Parr
(1543-1547)
Succession
• The Act of Succesion (1544)
– Henry gave the crown to his only surviving
son, Edward
• Edward was the first Protestant monarch
to rule England.
– In the event of a death without children,
Edward was to be succeeded Mary, his
daughter by his first wife.
– If Mary did not have children, she was to be
succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his
second wife, Anne Boleyn.
– Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children,
she was to be succeded by the descendants
of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor
Queen Mary marries Philip of Spain
• While Mary is married to Philip, Elizabeth
is placed in the Tower of London
• During this time, Spain persecutes the
Protestants of the Nation
• “Bloody Mary”
Mary I Cont.
• Mary hung nearly 100 rebels and arrested
Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in the Tower of
London.
• After she took care of the rebels who plotted
against her life, she decided that England should
return back to its original religious state –
Roman Catholicism. She burned, hung,
imprisoned anyone who was deemed a heretic
(a person who practiced Protestant faith.)
• In all about 275 people died.
Mary I Cont.
• Mary died when she was 58 from a
ovarian cyst. Before she died, she named
Elizabeth as her successor.
• Mary had hoped Elizabeth would keep
England as a Catholic country, but many
others rallied behind Elizabeth to return
England to its Protestant state.
Elizabeth I
• When Elizabeth was crowned queen, she
restored England to its Protestant state.
• She did not marry, even though the
country wanted her to. There isn’t one
reason why she didn’t marry and there is
much speculation as to why she didn’t.
• During Elizabeth’s reign, the arts
flourished among other things. Some call
her reign a Golden Age.
Re-Establishing Protestantism
• After Elizabeth was named Queen, she reestablished the Protestant Church in
England.
• She herself believed in toleration of all
religions.
– She was often forced to take a harsher stance
on punishment of Catholics because of the
schism between the two sects.
– ‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all
else is a dispute over trifles.’
• Elizabeth did not have the sea power of
Spain but she used “Sea Dogs” like Sir
Francis Drake to attack Spanish ships and
bring England the riches
• The Spanish Armada attacked England
• The Armada outnumbered but the English
vessels were new so they could fire from a
greater distance
The Fall of Spain
• The Armada’s defeat was a block to the
great empire
• The money that poured into Spain caused
the prices of goods to rise
• The inflation ruined the economy of the
nation
• The Spanish also became dependent on
imported goods and no longer had a
favorable balance of trade
Section 4
The Race for Empires
• Religious wars were occurring throughout
Europe
• Huguenots, seeking religious freedom,
formed settlements in Florida
• Those settlements were destroyed by
Spanish
• The true beginning of French society in the
new world started in Canada
French settlements
• In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts
of Maine were settled in 1604 (Jamestown
was settled in 1607)
• The Great Lakes were essential to the
exploration of the French
• The French wanted to TRADE with the
Indians and not remove them from the
land
The Great Lakes to the Mississippi
• Louis Jolliet and Marquette first headed
down the great river
• BUT it was Rene-Robert de La Salle that
traveled the river all the way to the Gulf of
Mexico
• The region was named Louisiana in honor
of King Louis XIV of France
Indian Allies
• The French did not threaten the Indians
like the Spanish or the soon coming British
• They enjoyed the commercial value of the
native
• The French intermarried and found allies
with the Algonquian and Huron Indians of
the Northeast region
B. Beginning of New Netherland
1. 1621 – Dutch West India Company
sets up a trading company - New
Netherland
2. 1624 – Sent 30 families to settle
3. New Amsterdam – center of new
colony
a. Located on Manhattan Island
b. 1626 – Peter Minuit, governor of
colony, buys land for about
$24
4. Grows slowly
a. No real reason to move there
b. Their country was prosperous
Peter
Minuit
5. Recruiting settlers
a. Welcomes all people in New England
b. Gave large tracts of land to anyone who
brought 50 settlers
c. Riverfront property
d. Patroons ran land as they chose; own laws
C. New Sweden Established
1. Fur Trade – brought settlers from Sweden
2. 1638 – New Sweden formed near Wilmington,
Delaware
3. Dutch view New Sweden as a rival
4. 1655 – Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New
Netherland, seized New Sweden
Roanoke Island (Lost Colony)
• Sir Walter Raleigh
asked Queen Elizabeth
of England if he could
lead a group of people
to begin a colony in the
USA.
• Queen Elizabeth gave
Raleigh a charter (a
document that allowed
colonists to live on land
owned by their country.)
Picture Credit:
http://www.huvard.com/becka/raleigh/welcome.html
Roanoke Island (1st Time)
• In 1585, the first English
people tried to begin a
colony.
• This became the 1st
English colony in the
USA.
• It failed due to hunger
and bad relations with the
Native Americans.
• All but 15 men went back
to England on a ship.
Roanoke Island (2nd Time)
• In 1587, Raleigh sent
colonists a second time.
• The 15 men that had
stayed behind the 1st
time had been killed by
then.
• John White was the
colony’s governor.
• This time, the colonist
brought their wives and
children.
• John White’s
granddaughter, Virginia
Dare was born 1 month
Picture Credit:
after they arrived in the
http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Dare_ USA on August 18 the
Virginia.html
first English baby
Spanish Armada
• In 1588, King Philip
II decided to attack
England.
• The English
defeated the all
powerful Spanish
Armada because
they had quicker
ships and a violent
storm helped
Picture Credit:
destroy the Spanish
http://www.nmm.ac.uk/adventure/games/armada/page2.htm#
ships.
The Lost Colony
Picture Credit:
http://www.outerbanks.com/lost.cfm
• John White returned
in August 1590 to
find no colonists on
Roanoke Island.
• On one of the trees
was written
CROATOAN.
• Croatoan was the
name of an island
nearby as well as
the name of the
Native Americans
living in the area.