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Chapter 5
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The Middle Ages
• The Middle Ages are the period of time
between ancient and modern times. Began
about 500 A.D. through 1500 A.D.
• When the Roman Empire broke up,
invading groups created many small
kingdoms.
• Most of the invaders could not read or write
• Soon, very few people in Europe could read
or write. Why?
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• Charlemagne became king of one of the invading
groups known as the Franks in 768
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• Soon, he ruled an empire that stretched across
most of the Western Europe.
• Charlemagne ruled for nearly 50 years. He opened
schools so people could learn to read and write.
• He also spread the Christian religion and
improved the economy.
• When Charlemagne died his sons fought for
control of the empire and weaken the empire to
attacks from outsiders.
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• The Vikings came from far north of Europe.
They burned and looted European towns.
Charlemagne’s Empire was gone.
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• Questions:
Why did Charlemagne’s
empire fall apart?
 What years did the
middle ages cover?
• Answers:
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Summary:
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Feudalism: A kind of Government
• Under feudalism – Nobles and lords, who
owned the land had the most power.
• They gave land to their vassals. A vassal
was someone who promised to follow the
lord’s laws and fight for him.
• Vassals helped pay for armies that would
fight for the lord.
• Vassals who rode horses and led men into
battle were called knights.
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• In exchange, lords promised to protect their
vassals and their lands.
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• Feudalism was a way for people to protect
themselves and share power.
• Manorialism was a way for people to supply food,
clothing, and shelter.
• The manor included fields, houses, animals and
peasants to work there.
• A lord ruled over the poor people who lived on his
manor. He made the rules and acted as judge.
• And he collected taxes from the peasants who
lived there.
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Peasants and Serfs
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• Most people during this time were peasants.
• Peasants were often very poor. They did all
the work on manors.
• Most peasants were also serfs.
• When a noble was given a manor, its serfs
became his.
• They could not leave the manor or get
married without his permission.
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• A serf is not the same as a slave.
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• A1010
serf1101
could
save
money to buy land and
become a free peasant.
• Most serf were serfs their whole lives.
• Medieval peasants worked very hard. Even the
children worked.
• Peasants lived in dark, one room huts. For heating
and cooking, they built fire on the dirt floor.
• They ate simple food such as bread and cabbage.
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• Questions:
What was life like for
medieval peasants?
 Manor
 Serf
• Answers:
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Summary:
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• Middle Ages
• King
• Noble
CLMS
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5-2 The Church and the rise of cities
•
During
the
Middle
Ages,
nearly
everyone
in
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Western Europe was a Roman Catholic.
• The Roman Catholic Church was so
powerful that it was known simply as “the
Church”
• The Church had great wealth from the taxes
they collected. It took land from the lord
when clergy provided services for the lord.
• And it used the threat of excommunication
to make people obey.
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• Almost every village had a priest.
• The
part of every major event
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in peoples lives – birth, illness, marriage, or
death.
• The clergy helped people follow Church
rules about how to live.
• Some religious men, or monks lived
together in religious communities called
monasteries. Religious women, or nuns,
lived in convents.
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• Monks and nuns looked after the sick and
set up schools.
• Monks copied ancient books, saving
knowledge that otherwise would have been
lost.
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• Questions:
What role did religion
play in the lives of
people during the Middle
Age?
Clergy
Excommunication
• Answers:
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Summary:
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Trade comes back and towns grow
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• Feudalism and the Church made Europe a
safer place and the population grew. SO
• Merchants traveled to far away places to
buy and sell goods.
• As trade grew, so did local markets. Traders
would get together at places they knew they
would find travelers, such as river crossings
• Towns grew in these places too.
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• At the same time, many manors were
getting overcrowded.
• Many lords were glad to let peasants buy
freedom and move to towns.
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Life in towns and cities
• Towns and cities could not raise anything
everything they needed. Instead people
bought goods.
• This helped to begin a new class called the
middle class.
• Many merchants and craft workers started
groups called guilds.
• Guilds decided how much to charge and
made sure the items were made well.
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• To become a member of the guild took time
• A boy between the ages of 8 and 14, who
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wanted to learn a trade became an
apprentice.
• He would live and work for a master of that
trade for up to seven years.
• Then he could become a journeyman, or
paid worker
• If his work was good, he could join the
guild.
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Medieval Culture
• The new cities attracted people who
enjoyed learning and teaching. Talented
artists created beautiful artwork.
• Stories, poems and songs about chivalry
were popular.
• Throughout the land, troubadours went from
place to place.
• They sang about brave deeds done by
knights to win the love of a worthy woman.
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• Questions:
Would you have liked to
live during this time
period?
Guild
Apprentice
Chivalry
• Answers:
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Summary:
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5-3 The Crusades
• In 1095, Pope Urban II had a message for
the people of Europe.
• He wanted them to capture the Holy Land.
The Holy Land being Jerusalem and parts
of the surrounding area where Jesus lived
and taught.
• This began 200 years of Crusades
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Causes of the Crusades
• For almost 900 years, European Christians had
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been going to Jerusalem as pilgrims. They wanted
to visit places written about in the Bible.
• Jerusalem had been controlled by Arab Muslims
for hundreds of years. They usually welcomed
Christians pilgrims.
• But when Turkish invaders took control in the
1000’s, things changed. First, they attacked
Christian pilgrims. Then they closed the roads to
Jerusalem.
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• Pope Urban II wanted the Holy Land under
Christian control.
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• What were some other reasons for the
crusades?
– Wanted Christian pilgrims to be able to visit
religious sites there
– He believed a crusade would bring Europe
together, and that they would stop fighting
among themselves
– He also wanted power for himself and the
Church.
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• Some Europeans had other reasons for
wanting the Crusades.
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• They wanted to control the Holy Land, too.
• And they also wanted to control trade routes
between Africa, Asia and Europe.
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A series of Crusades – How it went
down!
• 1 a small group of common people went to
fight. They were led by a small man who
wore a monk’s robe.
• Peter the Hermit- led what was called the
“people’s crusade” in 1096.
• When they stopped at Constantinople the
Emperor there tried to get them to wait for
help.
• But most of Peters followers went on and
were defeated. – only a small part survived
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st
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• Finally the army sent by the Pope arrived.
This army was made up of knights and
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skilled fighters.
• They joined up with what was left of Peter’s
army.
• They captured Jerusalem in 1099.
• During the fighting they, killed about
10,000 of the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish
people.
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• A second Crusade had little success. A strong
Muslim leader had come to power.
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• By
the0001
Muslim
leader, Saladin had retaken
Jerusalem.
• The king of England Richard I tried to talk him
into giving Jerusalem back to the Christians.
• He refused saying the land is just as important to
us as it is to you.
• But the land was reopen to Christian pilgrims.
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• Questions:
What was the main goal
of the crusaders?
Crusades
Jerusalem
Pilgrim
Holy Land
• Answers:
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Summary:
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The Power of the Kings
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• At the start of the 1200’s some lords had more wealth
than the king.
• Feudalism began to weaken and the power of the
kings began to grow.
• One reason why was the growth of towns and cities.
• Kings agreed to protect towns in return for money
paid by townspeople.
• With that money, kings hired armies to attack nobles
who gave them too much trouble.
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• As kings became more powerful, they
united more of their kingdom.
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• The larger kingdoms began to turn in to
nations.
Manors
Small Kingdoms / Cities
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Larger Kingdoms
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Nations / Countries
• This happened because people began to
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of themselves
• They were no longer loyal to their lords but
now they were loyal to the king and his
government.
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Changes in England
•
By
the
1200’s,
England
was
almost
a
nation.
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• Here’s how it happened.
• In 1066, William of Normandy, a French Duke,
Conqueror England.
• He was a strong ruler and he made sure that he
had more power than his nobles.
• Later John became king in 1199. He forced
people to pay heavy taxes. He put his enemies in
jail unfairly.
• He took land from the Church.
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• John and angered the nobles and clergy.
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• Pope declared that John was no longer the
king.
• English nobles and bishops gave John a list of
demands.
• He was forced to put his royal seal on the list
called the Magna Carta.
• These new laws limited the king’s power.
• People could no longer be jailed without a
reason and taxes had to be approved by others
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• A group of advisors to the king later became
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the Model Parliament.
• The Magna Carta also strengthened the
king’s power.
• Because now that the nobles had a say in
the government, they were more willing to
support the king.
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Brain Pop video
The Hundred Year’s War
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• In 1328, the French king died. King Edward
III of England claimed to be king of France.
• The French nobles did not agree.
• Edward III invaded France and this began the
Hundred Years’ War.
• England has one most of the battle but it all
changed when a French peasant girl called
Joan of Arc took charge of the French forces.
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• She lead the French the forces to victory
after victory against the English.
• In 1430 she was taken prisoner and put on
trial for witchcraft. She was convicted and
burned at the stake.
• Her death inspired the French to more
victories and by 1453, the English had been
driven from most of France.
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• During this war new weapons helped to
increase the power of the soldiers.
• Armored knights became less valuable in
battle.
• Castles could not stop cannonballs and
kings needed large armies
• The Hundred Years’ War also led to national
feelings in France and England.
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• Questions:
• Answers:
Why did feudalism
decline?
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