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World History Imperialism and WWI Notes Overview The outbreak of WWI evolved over a few hundred years as European powers lobbied for power and wealth as they attempted to build large and powerful nations One of the tools for attaining power and wealth was Imperialism Imperialism Definition: The domination of 1 country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region What does this mean European countries conquering territories Why? Resources, power, wealth, and prestige Imperialism Assignment Reading: Chapter 25 Section 1 (p.632-634) What were the FOUR main causes of Imperialism? Define Social Darwinism. How did European powers attempt to justify their Imperialism? Is this moral? Please explain. What specific products did European powers acquire? Why did Imperialism succeed? What is direct rule? What is indirect rule? What are colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence? Define each. How did each of them benefit European powers? Asian Imperialism African Imperialism British Empire in 1914 Imperialism Discussion What impact did Imperialism have on the world from 1750-1914? Did it directly cause WWI? How did Imperialism lead to Nationalism and Militarism? Nationalism Reading: p.694-696 What is Nationalism? What would a modern day example be? How would this cause a war? What is the difference between “Inclusive Nationalism” and “Ethnic Nationalism?” How does The German Fatherland portray German superiority? How does Rule Britannia portray British superiority? Militarism Countries began to build up their military in order to use it as a tool of diplomacy By 1890, Germany had the most powerful military in Europe Tips the balance of power Threatens the other Great Powers and they began to build up their militaries Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany, A-H, Italy, France, GB, Russia] in millions 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73% Alliance System With the advent of militarism in Europe, countries became threatened and signed into mutual defense treaties By 1914, two major alliances Triple Entente (Allies) Great Britain, France, Russia (Russia also had an alliance with Serbia) Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Ottoman) The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Militarism and the Alliance System What is Militarism? How does this make Europe and the world a scary place? How did Militarism indirectly cause WWI? What was the Alliance System? What is a Mutual Defense Treaty? What main countries made up the Triple Entente? What main countries made up the Triple Alliance? Why did these countries sign into these alliances? Did the Alliance System cause WWI? Please explain. Nationalism and Militarism Nationalism The 19th century belief that national interests should take precedent over international cooperation and global affairs. It also bound people together through pride and devotion in common ancestry, country, ethnic group, religion, or language group. Militarism The buildup of armies/militaries to use as a tool of diplomacy. Alliance System Reading: p.696-697 Mutual Defense Treaty Triple Entente Great Britain, France, Russia Russia had a separate alliance with Serbia Allies Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy Central Powers Alliance System (continued) Did the Alliance System cause WWI? The Spark that Ignited the First World War Why didn’t France and Germany get along in the late 19th century? What is Pan-Slavism? Why did Russia view itself as the protector of Slavic peoples? Why was Austria-Hungary fearful that Nationalism might foster a rebellion in their own country? Why was Ottoman Turkey threatened by the new nations near its borders? Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand? Who was Gavrilo Princep? What was the Black Hand? Why did the Black Hand want to kill Franz Ferdinand? Create a concept map/web that illustrates how the assassination of Franz Ferdinand led to the outbreak of WWI Why do you think that this is commonly referred to as the Domino Theory? So, What Sparked WWI? Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, June 28th, 1914 Heir to the Austria-Hungarian Throne P.697-698, chapter 27.2 Killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was the home to many Serbs and also ruled by Austria-Hungary’s Hapsburg Empire. The Killer Black Hand Serbian Nationalist group led by Gavrillo Princip. Anti-Austrian-Hungary Why did this group want to kill Franz Ferdinand? Goal was to organize all South Slav into a single nation. The “Powder Keg” of Europe The “Spark” June 28, 1914 The Assassin Black Hand Gavrillo Princip The Domino Effect Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Serbia had an alliance with Russia, who had an alliance with Great Britain and France Austria-Hungary had an alliance with Germany and Italy One by one they all fell into war Who’s to Blame? Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: Great Britain France Russia Italy Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottoman Empire The Schlieffen Plan Germany did NOT want to fight a war on two fronts. The plan reasoned that Russia would be slow to mobilize its military, therefore Germany first had to defeat France quickly. This required Germany to march through neutral Belgium into southern France. = BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY! The Fighting During WWI WWI Video Clip What was trench warfare? What was the purpose/point of trench warfare? Western Front Eastern Front Trench Warfare What was trench warfare? Warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches, stretching from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel. An underground network of bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements. Trench Warfare continued What was the purpose of trench warfare? Gain land ? Kill the enemy? ? ? Two Fronts to Fight Western Front was the fighting line between France and Germany Eastern Front was the fighting line between Russia and the shared boarders of Germany and AustriaHungary Trench Warfare Problems with Trench Warfare No Man’s Land Poison Gas Cold/Wet Trench Foot Trench Mouth Disease Rats Boring The Mechanization/Industrialization of Warfare What made WWI so destructive? Page 703 Chart Total War Mobilization of civilians No difference between “home front” and “war front” Soldiers and civilians are targeted The Industrialization of Warfare “Big Bertha” Tanks The Industrialization of Warfare (continued) Poison Gas Industrialization of Warfare (continued) Machine Gun Rifle/Bayonet Trench Warfare WWI Map Assignment Use the map on page 704 Draw the Invasion route of Germany on your map Why did Germany first invade the neutral country of Belgium? Label the Western and Eastern Fronts Label the Allies and Central Powers countries Label the following battle sites Verdun, Somme River, Tannenberg, Caporetto, and the Dardanelles Also label Sarajevo Briefly explain how this war became a global conflict Use the reading from the text A Global War Western Front Germany, Austria-Hungary vs. France, Great Britain Eastern Front Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire vs. Russia, Serbia Atlantic Ocean Germany vs. Great Britain, United States? Map p.703 Colonies Nations attacked other nations colonies Why? Some nations used people of their colonies to fight A Multi-Front War Total War: Women and the War Effort Financing the war Recruiting Munitions Workers French Women in Factories German Women Factory Workers Female Ambulance Driver Red Cross Nurses Women in the Army Auxiliary Russian Women Soldiers Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle A German Spy! U.S. Joins the Allies, 1917 German U-Boats Lusitania Cunard U.S. Joins the Allies (continued) Zimmerman Note Cultural ties Money? Allies Russian Revolution Russia largely unprepared for WWI Huge military, but didn’t have leadership, adequate training, or supplies to fight a global war 1916-1917 Russian soldiers fighting on the Eastern Front Lacked supplies Food Citizens starving at home and running out of fuel February Revolution, 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne Revolutionary groups Mensheviks Electoral politics Bolsheviks Led by Vladimir Lenin Marxist Petrograd - April 1917 proposed immediate peace and transfer of land to peasants and factory rights to workers Hundreds of thousands soldiers quit fighting Whose support was Lenin able to gain? Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918 peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary Lost Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Russian Civil War Fought for 3 years Burned farms and destroyed crops causing famine and widespread starvation Over 3 million died By 1921, the Bolsheviks had defeated their enemies 1922 Ukraine merged with Russia forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Americans in the Trenches What impact did U.S. involvement have on WWI? Defeat of the Central Powers U.S. boosts morale German Final Offensive Naval Mutiny British Blockade Winning the War Total War Military Conscription Taxes Rationing Forbade Strikes Borrowed Money United States Enters WWI, 1917 German U-Boats Cultural Ties Zimmerman Note Allies Money? What impact did American involvement have on WWI? Winning the War (continued) Defeat of Central Powers U.S. boosts morale German Final Offensive Naval Mutiny British Blockade “The Biggest Blunder in World History” The Big Four “The Biggest Blunder in World History” The Treaty of Versailles Punishment of Germany New countries League of Nations Mandate System Balfour Declaration Making the Peace Big Three Great Britain (David Lloyd George) France (Georges Clemenceau) United States (Woodrow Wilson) Fourteen Points Plan Wilson’s main goals and beliefs about why the war started Making the Peace The Treaty of Versailles Provisions War-Guilt Clause Reparations Reduced Military Lost Alsace and Lorraine New Countries Who lost a lot of territory? Mandate System Self-Determination Making the Peace How does the Treaty of Versailles compare with Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan Which one made more sense? Why is the Treaty of Versailles known as “The Biggest Blunder in World History?” Final Question What could have been changed in the Treaty of Versailles to create peace in Europe? Imperialism and WWI Review Chapter 25 Sections 1,2,4,5 & Chapter 27 Sections 1,2,3,4,5 Imperialism (motives, causes, consequences) Goods sought after in Africa, China, India Effect of Industrialization Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence “Scramble for Africa” Opium Wars India Missionary Christianity Social Darwinism Resistance to Imperialism WWI (causes, consequences) Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliance System Triple Entente Triple Alliance Industrialization/Mechanization of Warfare Franz Ferdinand Black Hand Gavrilo Princip Domino Effect Allies Central Powers Stalemate Eastern Front Western Front Weapons of WWI Total War Why U.S. Entered WWI/Impact Russian Revolution (causes/consequences) Bolsheviks/Mensheviks Treaty of Versailles Reparations War-Guilt Clause Mandate System Big Three