Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
WWI: THE WAR TO END ALL WARS, NOT QUITE THE ROAD TO WWII DRAWING CONNECTIONS CAUSE: EFFECT: • The Treaty of Versailles: • A growing desire for revenge among – The War Guilt Clause Germans after their – Forced Reparations treatment at the end of – Large territorial losses for Germany WWI – Dismantling of the German military. DRAWING CONNECTIONS CAUSE: • Technological innovation in WWI; – Mass production/ assembly line – Advent of mass advertising – General rise in wages EFFECT: • Development of widespread consumer goods/consumer economy in the U.S. DRAWING CONNECTIONS CAUSE: EFFECT: • Uneq. Distr. Of Wealth • Decreasing Consumerism as credit debt amassed • A growing acceptance of debt in 1920s America through the use of installment plans • Instability of banks and • Risky investment the stock market in the practices such as U.S. buying on margin and • Black Tuesday-stock speculation. Ultimately led the U.S. into a depression DRAWING CONNECTIONS CAUSE • A shut down in international trade due to tariff wars • Massive debt incurred by Europeans during WWI • “Drying up” of U.S. credit to nations overseas. EFFECT: • The depression became a global affair DRAWING CONNECTIONS CAUSE: • Severe economic depression in Germany in the 1930s • Humiliation over the terms in the Treaty of Versailles • German government’s lack of an effective response to economic and political problems. EFFECT: • Rise of the nationalistic, NAZI Party and Adolf Hitler in Germany WWII The Road to War Rise of Totalitarian Dictators • WWI was professed to be the “War to end all wars.” In reality, quite the opposite was true • What triggered the rise of totalitarian dictatorships? – Treaty of Versailles • Angered Germany, Italy, and Japan • League of Nations too weak – Great Depression • The Depression undermined democratic governments • Nations like Germany, Italy, Soviet Union turn toward Totalitarian Regimes Italy: The Rise of Benito Mussolini and Fascism Benito Mussolini Fascism— • Form of government that exalts nation and often race above the individual • Centralized, oppressive government headed by a dictator leader • Severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition Read the article: “The Great Depression and Hitler’s Rise to Power” Hitler's Rise to Power Hitler’s Ideology Mein Kampf Lebensraum • Hitler’s autobiography, written • “Living Space” while in prison, in which he • Hitler’s foreign policy: Eastern outlines his political ideology Europe had to be conquered to and future plans for Germany. create a vast German empire for • Extreme Anti-Semitism…uses more physical space, a greater Jews as scapegoat for all of population, and new territory to Germany’s problems. supply food and raw materials. – “Here he stops at nothing, and in his vileness he becomes so gigantic that no one need be surprised if among our people the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew.” – “Without consideration of traditions and prejudices, Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation.” Lebensraum • "The external security of a people in largely determined by the size of its territory." • “Therefore we National Socialists have purposely drawn a line through the line of conduct followed by pre-War Germany in foreign policy. We put an end to the perpetual Germanic march towards the South and the West of Europe and turn our eyes towards the lands of the East. We finally put a stop to the colonial and trade policy of pre-War times and pass over to the territorial policy of the future. When we speak of new territory in Europe today we must principally think of Russia and the border states subject to her.” Mein Kampf • “Slowly fear and the Marxist weapon of Jewry descend like a nightmare on the mind and soul of decent people.” • “With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her people. With every means he tries to destroy the racial foundations of the people he has set out to subjugate. Just as he himself systematically ruins women and girls, he does not shrink back from pulling down the blood barriers for others, even on a large scale. It was and it is Jews who bring the Negroes into the Rhineland, always with the same secret thought and clear aim of ruining the hated white race by the necessarily resulting bastardization, throwing it down from its cultural and political height, and himself rising to be its master.” Mein Kampf • “Culturally, he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down into the sphere of his own base nature.” • “Now begins the great last revolution. In gaining political power the Jew casts off the few cloaks that he still wears. The democratic people’s Jew becomes the blood-Jew and tyrant over peoples. In a few years he tries to exterminate the national intelligentsia and by robbing the peoples of their natural intellectual leadership makes them ripe for the slave’s lot of permanent subjugation.” Mein Kampf… Manipulating the Masses • “The masses find it difficult to understand politics, their intelligence is small. Therefore all effective propaganda must be limited to a very few points. The masses will only remember only the simplest ideas repeated a thousand times over. If I approach the masses with reasoned arguments, they will not understand me. In the mass meeting, their reasoning power is paralyzed. What I say is like an order given under hypnosis.” • “The whole organization of education, and training which the People's State is to build up must take as its crowning task the work of instilling into the hearts and brains of the youth entrusted to it the racial instinct and understanding of the racial idea. No boy or girl must leave school without having attained a clear insight into the meaning of racial purity and the importance of maintaining the racial blood unadulterated. Thus the first indispensable condition for the preservation of our race will have been established and thus the future cultural progress of our people will be assured.” Japanese Militarists on the Rise • Who had true power in Japan? • Why did Japan seek to expand its empire in Asia? • Who was Japan’s most powerful competitor in the Pacific? Competition in the Pacific Soviet Union: Rise of Joseph Stalin • Stalin grasps power in Soviet Union in 1924 following Vladimir Lenin’s death. • Life Under Joseph Stalin – – – – – – Totalitarian Dictator Very suspicious of West, esp. Germany No political freedoms Forced Labor Camps Great Purge 5 Year Plans/Collectivization cause mass suffering – An estimated 30-50 million people died during Joseph Stalin-Mini Bio Stalin’s rule in the Soviet Union The Great Purge Great Purge-History.com – Uses fear to maintain absolute control A Weak International System Creating Conditions for the Rise of the Axis Powers Treaty of Versailles • Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) – Peace Treaty Officially Ending War b/n Germany & Allied Powers • Treaty Establishes the League of Nations • Treaty Intended to Punish & Weaken Germany – War Guilt Clause • Germany must accept full responsibility for the war – Had to pay massive reparations to the allies • Most of reparations would go to France/Belgium – German military dismantled…why? • Army reduced to 100,000 men • Not allowed to have Tanks or Air Force • Demilitarized Rhineland – Germany suffered major territorial losses • Lose: Alsace & Lorraine, Baltic States (land won from Russia), Poland, & more Frederick Niche • Frederick Niche: “The punishment often increases the feeling of estrangement and strengthens the power of resistance.” The “Stab in the Back” Theory German Soldiers are Dissatisfied A Weak League of Nations A Weak League of Nations AMERICA NOT A MEMBER…WHY IS THIS SO SIGNIFICANT? No effective military force. No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. Axis Powers: Acts of Aggression The Manchurian Crisis (1931) • Why did Japan want to expand into China/Korean Peninsula? The Manchurian Crisis (1931) How did the League of Nations respond to Japan’s actions? What was the impact of this? Germany (1933-1935) • Hitler Withdraws Germany from the League of Nations (1933) • Renounces Treaty of Versailles—begins rearmament (1935) • Germany starts military draft; builds armaments; establishes Luftwaffe—Air Force (1935) Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935) Haile Salassie • What advantages did control of Ethiopia offer to Italy? • What was Mussolini’s goal for Italy? Germany Occupies Rhineland (3/7/1936) • Rhine: DMZ b/n Germany and France – Gave French access to Ruhr Valley: heartland of German industry – Why were the French so reluctant to respond? Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) • Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) • Anti-Comintern Pact: Germany, Italy, Japan • Formal Military Alliance: Axis Powers (1940) – Germany, Italy, Japan America in the 1930s Isolationism US Neutrality Acts: 1935 & 1937 • Nye Committee: huge profits by arms factories in WWI • Neutrality Acts: – Bans sale on weapons to warring nations…why? – Hope to remain out of the War in Europe…why? • Cash and Carry: What was it? Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy • Why were relations strained between the U.S. and Latin America in the early 1900s? • Why did Roosevelt seek to improve relations w/ Latin America? • Good Neighbor Policy: – Committed to policy of non-military intervention in L. America • Withdrew U.S. troops from multiple Latin American nations (i.e. Haiti) – Lowered tariffs; more fair trade deals – Nullified Platt Amendment w/ Cuba – Fostered further cultural ties between U.S. and Mexico Europe… On the Brink of World War Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) •Fascist Leader, Francisco Franco, leads Nationalist Party in Civil War against the “Popular Front,” in Spain…Hitler and Mussolini send aid to Franco seeing it as an opportunity to spread their influence and test their militaries •Significance: Dress Rehearsal for WWII for Germany and Italy Japanese Invasion of China (1937) Rape of Nanking Significance: • • Over 200,000 Chinese killed by Japanese soldiers in Nanking (most civilians)… League of Nations condemned actions, but did nothing to stop it… Austrian Anschluss • Forced unification of Austria and Germany • Hitler’s Goal: unify all German speaking people The Problem of the Sudetenland • Sudetenland: Area of Czechoslovakia with a lg. German population • FR, GB, USSR pledge aid to Czechs if attacked • What happens when Hitler demands the Sudetenland? The Munich Agreement (Sept. 1938) • Meeting of reps. from GB, FR, IT, GM to discuss Sudetenland, Czech. • Appeasement – GB/FR give in to German demands – Leave Czechs hanging… hand over Sudetenland to Hitler British PM: Neville Chamberlain “Now we have secured peace in our time. Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.” • Italy invades Albania Video Clip: Neville Chamberlain Czechoslovakia Enters the Third Reich (March 1939) “Spineless Leaders of Democracy” th 50 April 1939: Hitler’s Birthday Present…The Eagle’s Nest Euro-Trip 2012 Photos Europe: 1939 Japan: 1939 The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: (Aug. 1939) • Temporary non-aggress. Agreement b/n Hitler & Stalin…Why? • Includes secret deal to divide Poland b/n GM and USSR • Significance: Opens the door for the start of WWII WWII Begins World War II Begins (Sept.1939) • Germany invades Poland (9/1/1939) • Significance: – France and England declare war on Germany (9/3/1939) – Begins WWII German Advances: Sep. 1939 Blitzkrieg! • Why do defenses blitz quarterbacks in football? • If “Krieg” is German for war, what is meant by blitzkrieg? – “Lightning War” – German military strategy: fast/flexible • How would a military employ blitzkrieg? • Armor concentrations/ utilization of tanks; mass air support; paratroopers; radio Go To WWII Map PowerPoint Up to Fall of France Hitler’s Next Quest? Winston Churchill--Speech to the RAF (Battle of Britain) Winston Churchill: “We Shall Never Surrender!” • “Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.” —Winston Churchill; June 4, 1940…following Oper. Dynamo Battle of Britain (July-Oct. 1940) • New Sheriff in Town: Winston Churchill (Brit PM) – Vows Britain will NEVER surrender – British Royal Air Force (RAF) all that stands between Nazi’s and control of W. Europe • German Attack: Operation Sea Lion – Goal: Eliminate RAF; open Britain for invasion • Battle for control of the air – Hitler abandons bombing of strategic military sights (RAF & airfields) – Targets civilian populations…big mistake – 30,000 Londoners killed; RAF loses 900 aircraft – Luftwaffe loses over 1700 aircraft Battle of Britain (July-Oct. 1940) • Outcome: Hitler abandons invasion of Britain (10/1940) • Significance: – 1st Major Use of Radar • Germans bomb at night (less efficient) – First Major German Defeat – Morale Boost for Brits – Pushed more Americans to support assisting British cause v. Germany Behind Enemy Lines Holocaust Webquest