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The American Nation
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Objectives:
 What was the international response to fascism?
 What were the early events of World War II?
 Why did tension between the United States and
Germany increase?
 Why did Japan bomb Pearl Harbor?
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The American Nation
Section 4: War Breaks Out
International response to fascism
 U.S. Congress passed neutrality laws.
 Fear of being drawn in another World War
 America’s participation in World War I was questioned as a war to
protect bankers
 European leaders adopted a policy of appeasement but also
speeded up rearmament.
 What is appeasement? Examples
 Hope that the fascists were addressing legitimate complaints and
could be bought off.
 The United States recognized the Soviet Union (1933)
 They were very anti-fascist by nature (left wing)
 Communism not popular among mainstream America
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Hitler and Mussolini challenge Democracies with Expansion: To 1939
 Germany
 Militarizes Rhineland (Spring
1936)
 Annexes Austria (Mar 1938)
 Demands and receives
Sudetenland (western
Czechoslovakia) September
1938
 Takes the rest of the Czech
Republic and makes Slovakia a
puppet state
 Summer 1939- Demands the
Polish corridor
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 Italy
 Conquers Ethiopia (1935)
 Attacks Albania (
 Supports Spanish fascists in
Civil War (1936-1939) With
German help
While the western democracies
feared and dreaded war, the
fascist states welcomed it as a
way to create their new order.
The Rome-Berlin Axis
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Activity: The fascist states and
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The American Nation
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Early events of World War II: The Beginning
 March 1939: Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia and signed a
nonaggression pact with Stalin. Door open to Poland.
 1939: Germany wants access to the port of Danzig which is
separated from Germany by Polish territory.
 September 1, 1939, Hitler’s armies cross into Poland
 Claim that they were provoked into attack.
 Blitzkrieg- Lightning war. Mechanized and overwhelming
 Split Poland with Soviet Union
 France and Britain declare war on Germany.
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The American Nation
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Early events of World War II: War in Western Europe
 From September 1939 to May 1940, nations prepared for war,
but little fighting (“sitzkrieg”-sitting war)
 France prepared a wholly defensive strategy- Maginot Line
 1940: British citizens rescued the British army from Dunkirk
 YouTube - WW II : RARE COLOR FILM : DUNKIRK PART
1 OF 3 1939 1940
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 May 1940: Germany attacked France through
Belgium. France fell in 6 weeks. Blitzkrieg- No
trench warfare..
 Vichy France- Nazi puppet regime
 German occupied France
 Some French collaborated with Nazis, others resisted
 Denmark, Norway and Holland quickly fall.
Britain stands alone
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Dunkirk and the
Occupation of
France: Spring 1940
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The American Nation
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Reasons for climbing tensions between U.S. and Germany
 increasing U.S. aid to allies
 Fall 1939- Cash and carry
 Britain can purchase war materials with cash- no credit
 No delivery of goods by American ships
 Lend-Lease
 Britain may borrow or lease war equipment- American delivery
 Destroyer deal- Britain takes old American destroyers in exchange for use
of British islands in Atlantic and Caribbean
 Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” orders Spring 1941
 Act of war against German “Wolfpacks”- The Battle of the Atlantic
begins
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The Battle of
the Atlantic
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Section 4: War Breaks Out
Reasons for Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor
 America protests Japanese actions in Manchuria (1931)
and China (1937)
 Japan wanted to be the Britain of the East: A colonial power with a
powerful navy.
 War in China was proving costly and protracted.
 Japan needed American trade (fuel, metals etc…) to continue war effort
 embargo on American shipments of gasoline, machine tools, scrap iron,
and steel to Japan
 Japan needs to find other sources of raw materials
 French and Dutch colonies in South East Asia “orphaned” by
German conquests in spring and summer 1940
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Section 4: War Breaks Out
East Asian Co-Prosperity and Pearl Harbor
 Tojo- Wanted to lead East Asia in a “co-prosperity sphere”
 End European and American domination of East Asia..
 Take control of the resources of East Asia
 Rubber
 Fuels
 Strategic minerals.
 Main obstacles to this plan:
 British Navy (also fighting for its life against Germany)
 American Navy
 Pearl Harbor: Main concentration of American naval
power in the Pacific
 Japanese planned to cripple American naval power and quickly
capture southeast Asia
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Section 4: War Breaks Out
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
 7 December 1941: A day that will
live in Infamy…”
 Short Term success for Japan
 America was not prepared for attack
from the air
 20 warships and 200 aircraft destroyed
 Over 2400 Americans killed
 Japanese well prepared for the attack
Pearl Harbor Slide Show - 20 photos.url
 Practice
 Intelligence
 British experience Taranto, Italy in 1940
 Minimal casualties for Japan
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Japanese aircraft preparing for takeoff- Early morning 7
December 1941
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A Japanese attackers view of Ford Island
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The sunken Battleship USS West Virginia in the foreground with
the heavily damaged USS Tennessee seen behind.
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The terrific explosion of the Destroyer USS Shaw
when its magazine exploded after being bombed
by Japanese aircraft.
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Sailors stand amid wrecked planes at the
Ford Island seaplane base, watching as the
USS Shaw explodes in the background.
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Battleship Row is now a mass of smoke and flames, with the
capsized USS Oklahoma seen in the foreground. The ship was hit
by aerial torpedoes, ripping open its port side causing it to roll over
and sink, with the loss of over 400 of her crew.
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Dousing the flames on the USS West Virginia which survived
and was rebuilt
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Pearl Harbor and the Infamy Speech: Activity
 How did the Japanese attack on 7 December?
Watch scene from Tora Tora Tora
 How did Roosevelt react to the attack? How did
he choose words to focus anger and indignation?
 Listen to speech and read transcript
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The Conspiracy: Did the American
Government WANT a Pearl Harbor?
 Military prepared for an attack at Pearl
 President Roosevelt believed
Harbor and the Philippines in the
that America needed to engage
previous week. Military hesitated to
in the war in Europe:
“cry wolf” and cancel two weekends
Isolationists in congress were
in row. Hawaii was not considered to
powerful and strongly against
be a primary target.
participation.
 Most historians blame poor
 American intelligence knew
coordination of information between
that the Japanese were planning
army and navy intelligence.
an attack. Was this information
 Investigation during war blames
hidden from the military
Admiral Husband Kimmel (Navy) and
authorities at Pearl Harbor?
General Walter Short (Army)
 Conspiracy theories not supported by
evidence
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Why Pearl Harbor was a strategic loss for Japan
 Long term tragedy for Japan
 Important targets missed- American aircraft carriers
were out to sea
 Attack united an outraged American public. United
against Japan
 Japan hoped for a short war with America willing to
make peace. Not so.
 America had the ambition and the resources to “island
hop” to the Japanese mainland.
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The Rising Sun in the Pacific
 French and Dutch colonies in South East Asia
“orphaned” by German conquests in spring and
summer 1940
 Japanese follow up Pearl Harbor with successful
attacks on Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore,
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and British Malaya
(Malaysia)
 Australia, India and American west coast
threatened.
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