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1
Dictators Threaten World Peace
ASSESSMENT
Why do you think Hitler found widespread support
among the German people?
ANSWER
Germany was devastated by the effects of World War I.
The nation suffered from severe economic depression.
Hitler promoted the Nazi party as a way to restore
national pride.
1
Dictators Threaten World Peace
ASSESSMENT
•Identify the main ambitions of each dictator listed in
the web diagram.
Stalin:
Create a model
Communist state and
transform the Soviet Union
into a great industrial
power
ANSWER
Dictator’s
Ambitions
Hitler:
Unite the German
“master race” into an
empire destined to rule
the world
Mussolini:
Franco:
Make Italy a great world
power
Become Spain’s supreme
military leader
World War Looms
TIME LINE
The United States
1931 The Empire State Building opens in New
York City.
The World
1931 Japan conquers Manchuria, in northern
China.
1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected
president.
1933 Prohibition ends.
1933 Adolf Hitler is appointed German
chancellor and sets up Dachau concentration
camp.
1934 Stalin begins great purge in USSR.
Chinese communists flee in the Long March.
1936 Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at
Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Roosevelt is
reelected.
1937 Amelia Earhart mysteriously disappears
attempting solo round-the-world flight.
1936 Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie asks League of
Nations for help against Italian invasion.
General Francisco Franco leads a fascist
rebellion in Spain.
World War Looms
TIME LINE
The United States
1938 Orson Welles broadcasts The War of the
Worlds, a fictional alien invasion.
The World
1938 Kristallnacht—Nazis riot, destroying
Jewish neighborhoods.
1939 Germany invades Poland. Britain and
France declare war.
1940 Roosevelt is elected to a third term.
1941 United States enters World War II.
1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.
Chapter 16: World War
Looms
Section 1: Dictators
Threaten World Peace
I. Rise of Fascism and
Nationalism in Europe & Asia
A. Why?
1. Treaty of Versailles failed to
provide a “just and secure peace” as
promised.
2. Germany excessively punished.
• How?
A German woman is seen here in 1923
feeding bundles of money into the
furnace. . .why?
B. Soviet Union and
Joseph Stalin:
1. His goals included
both agricultural and
industrial growth
2. How? Abolished all
privately owned farms
& industries
– Communism
3. In his desire to purge (eliminate) anyone
who threatened his power, Stalin was
responsible for the deaths of 8 – 13
million of his own Soviet citizens
Labor camp workers in Siberia -Stalin sent millions of political
prisoners to labor camps
4. In a totalitarian state
the government
suppresses all
opposition and has
strict control over the
citizens who have no
civil rights
In totalitarian states citizens are
expected to treat the dictator with
adoration
C. Italy and Mussolini
1. Mussolini seized
power, taking
advantage of high
unemployment,
inflation and a middleclass fear of
Communism
2. By 1921, Mussolini had established the Fascist
Party -- Fascism stressed nationalism and
militarism and placed the interest of the state
above the interests of the individual
A Venn Diagram
Communism vs. Fascism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seeks a classless society.
Government controls all human
activities.
No individual rights.
Wears uniforms usually of a certain
color.
Has a secret police.
Attempts to control religion.
Seeks to eliminate religion.
Defends private property
No private ownership of land or
property.
Dictatorial one party rule.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Each class in society has a
place and function.
Total control of the press.
Seeks an international
revolution.
Ultra-nationalism: country
and/or race.
The state must struggle to
survive even if it means war.
Authoritarian leader knows all
and is “worshipped”.
Appeals to the middleclass.
Use of propaganda to control
the thoughts and actions of
society.
Use of youth groups.
Use of ancient myth of racial
superiority incorporated into
society.
D. Germany and
Hitler
1. At the end of WWI he
was a jobless soldier
drifting around
Germany
2. In 1919, he joined a
struggling group
called the National
Socialist German
Workers’ Party (Nazis)
Hitler, far left, shown
during WWI
3. He quickly became
the Nazi Party leader
4. Calling himself “Der
Fuhrer” (the leader)
he promised to return
Germany to its old
glory
Hitler rose to power in part by criticizing the
Versailles Treaty as unfair and humiliating to the
proud German nation
E. Hitler’s Beliefs
He alone, who owns the
youth, gains the Future!
-- Adolf Hitler, speech at the
Reichsparteitag, 1935
1. Hitler explained his beliefs
in his book, Mein Kampf
(My Struggle)
2. He wanted to unite all
German-speaking people
under one Empire
3. He wanted racial purity –
“inferior” races such as
Jews, Slavs and all nonwhites were to form a work
force for the “master race”
– blond, blue-eyed
“Aryans”
4. Hitler believed that for
Germany to thrive it
needed more land at
the expense of her
neighbors
5. Hitler called it
“Lebensraum” or living
space
Hitler posed an immediate threat
to Czechoslovakia, Poland,
Austria, France, Belgium and
the Netherlands
• This poster announces a Nazi meeting in Munich in May 1920. Hitler
is to speak on the topic "What do we want?" The text below the title
reads: "Citizens! Do not believe that the Germany of misfortune and
misery, the nation of corruption and usury, the land of Jewish
corruption, can be saved by parties that claim to stand on a
foundation of facts. Never!" Courtesy of Dr. Robert D. Brooks.
German people’s comrades! German housewives!
You all know the disgraceful methods that so-called “German” Jews abroad are using to incite against
the German people and Adolf Hitler’s national government.
If we do not want to give up and sink into deeper misery, we must defend ourselves.
We therefore call on you to heed the appeal of our Führer, the German people’s chancellor,
for a boycott against the Jews
and expect the full support of each person in this defensive action.
Do not buy from Jewish shops!
Do not go to a Jewish doctor!
But maintain the strictest discipline. Do not even touch the hair on a Jew’s head.
The boycott begins Saturday morning at 10:00 a.m.
From that moment on, we will watch to ensure that the boycott is strictly followed. He who tries to
ignore the boycott will be seen as an enemy of the German people.
On Saturday morning at 9:30 at the Lindenplatz and the Pflänzer there will be a large public
Boycott Meeting
Appear in masses and show that, in the hour of need, you stand with the German people.
In Geisenheim, the following establishments will be boycotted:
Georg Strauß, grain merchant, Marktstraße
Gebr. Strauß, shop, Marktstraße
Moritz Strauß, ironware, Marktstraße
Hugo Forst, leather goods, Landstraße
Dr. Nathan, physician, Landstraße
Löwenthal, butcher, Pflänzer
The local group office of the NSDAP
F. MILITANTS GAIN
CONTROL OF JAPAN
1. Nationalistic
leaders were
seizing control of
the Imperial
government of
Japan
2. Like Hitler, they
desired living
space for their
growing
population
3. Emperor Hirohito’s
reign lasted from 19261989
4. His reign was called
"Showa", or "Radiating
Peace“
5. In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese
province of Manchuria
Japanese soldiers in Manchuria
II. AGGRESSION BEGINS
A. 1930s
1. Both Japan and
Germany quit the
League of Nations
2. By 1936 Hitler sent
troops into the
Rhineland, a German
region bordering
France and Belgium
that was demilitarized
by the Versailles
Treaty
SPANISH LOYALIST AT THE
INSTANT OF DEATH
by Robert Capra, 1936
B. Civil War in Spain
1. In 1936, a group of
Spanish army officers
led by General
Francisco Franco,
rebelled against the
Spanish Republic
2. A Civil War ensued as
Hitler and Mussolini
supported Franco’s
fascists while the
western democracies
remained neutral
3. Franco’s victory in 1939
established him as
fascist leader of a
totalitarian Spain
4. 5. Hitler and Mussolini
signed an alliance
known as the RomeBerlin Axis
Franco admires a military
parade in Madrid – 500,000
died in the Spanish Civil War
Picasso’s Guernica captured the brutally of the
Spanish Civil War and the Fascist government
III. U.S. REMAINS NEUTRAL . . .
FOR NOW
A. Why?
1. With memories still fresh from WWI.
2. Some critics believed banks and
manufacturers were pushing for war solely
for their own profit
B. Congress, too, pushed
neutrality
1. Congress passed a
series of Neutrality
Acts
E
u
r
o
p
e
USA
– The first two acts
outlawed arms sales or
loans to nations at war
– The third act outlawed
arms sales or loans to
nations fighting civil
wars
FDR speech
in Chicago,
10/05/1937
2. After Japan renewed attacks China in 1937,
FDR sent arms and supplies to China
3. He got around the Neutrality Acts because
Japan had not actually declared war on
China
2
War in Europe
ASSESSMENT
•To what extent do you think lies and deception played a
role in Hitler’s tactics? Think About:
• William Shirer’s diary entry about headlines in
the Nazi newspapers
• Soviet-German relations
• Hitler’s justifications for military aggression
ANSWER
Hitler’s deceptions included: charging the Czechs with abusing Sudeten Germans; claiming that
Sudetenland was his last territorial demand; accusing Poles of brutalizing Germans; signing a secret
pact with the Soviet Union dividing Poland; justifying the invasion of Denmark and Norway
as necessary to safeguard his plans.
2
War in Europe
ASSESSMENT
• Review Germany’s aggressive actions between
1938 and 1945. At what point do you think Hitler
concluded that he could take any territory without
being stopped?
ANSWER
After taking Austria—France and Britain ignored their
pledge to protect Austria.
After Munich Conference—Britain and France let
Germany take Sudetenland.
2
War in Europe
ASSESSMENT
•If you had been a member of the British House of
Commons in 1938, would you have voted for or
against the Munich Agreement?
ANSWER
For: Appeasement would help avert war;
compromise is not a sign of weakness.
Against: Appeasement would feed Hitler’s military
aggression; Great Britain should defend its honor
and declare war.
Chapter 16: World War
Looms
Section 2: War in Europe
I. German Expansion
A. Step 1=Austria
1. On March 12, 1938,
German troops marched
into Austria unopposed
2. A day later, Germany
announced its union
with Austria
B. Step 2=Czechoslovakia
1. About 3 million German-speaking people
lived in the western border regions of
Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland.
2. In Munich, Hitler
promised that the
annexation of the
Sudetenland would be
his “last territorial
demand”
Chamberlain and Hitler at
the Munich Conference, 1938
Munich Conference, 1938
From left to right; British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain, French Prime Minister
Eduard Deladier, German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler,
Italian leader Benito Mussolini and Italian
Foreign Minister Count Ciano at the Munich
Conference, September 1938
“PEACE IN
OUR
TIMES!!?”
3. Appeasement-Sudetenland to
Germany to avoid
war.
“I have come back
from Germany with
peace with honor. I
believe it is peace
in our time.”
II. GERMAN OFFENSIVE BEGINS
A. Step 3=Poland
1. Hitler next turned toward Poland.
2. As tensions rose over Poland,
Stalin shocked everyone by
signing a Non-Aggression Pact
with Hitler
Partners: Hitler & Stalin
B. Blitzkrieg
1. On September 1,
1939, the German
Luftwaffe (air
force) bombed
Polish cities and
RR.
2. German tanks
raced across
Polish countryside
BRUTE FORCE: Germans marched
through the streets of Polish towns and
adorned buildings with swastikas
3. Britain and France
declared war on
Germany
4. Stalin attacked and
defeated Finland
while Hitler
conquered (#4)
Norway and
Denmark
Norway
Denmark
5. Hitler then
successfully attacked
the (#5) Netherlands,
Belgium and
Luxemburg
Time was running out on the
Allies
Neth., Bel.,
Lux.
C. (#6) France
1. The Maginot Line (a
series of trenches
and fortifications
built along the
eastern France)
failed.
2. France surrendered in
June of 1940
3. After France fell, a
French General named
Charles de Gaulle fled to
England and set up a
French government in
exile
D. Britain
1. In the summer of
1940 Germany
launched an air
attack on England
2. The goal was to
bomb England into
submission
3. The RAF fought back
with the help of a new
device called radar
4. Six weeks later, Hitler
called off the attack on
England
A Spitfire dogs a German
Domier Do-17 as it crosses
the Tower of London
#7 Hungary,
Romania
and Bulgaria
join the Axis
Powers
#8 Albania,
Yugoslavia
and Greece
are
conquered
#9 June
1941,
Germany
invades the
S.U.
EUROPE 1941
KEY
Red - Nazi occupied and
controlled
Purple - Nazi controlled
under Mussolini
Blue - Free country,
supported by the United
States
Green - Under the control
of Josef Stalin of Russia
who sided with the Nazis
in 1939
Yellow - Neutral, but
greatly influenced by
Nazis, for example, Spain
was under the dictatorship
of General Franco who
was controlled by Hitler
3
The Holocaust
ASSESSMENT
•List four events that led to the Holocaust.
Causes
Effect
The removal of non-Aryans from
government jobs.
Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht
“Final Solution”
The Holocaust
3
The Holocaust
ASSESSMENT
•Do you think that the United States was justified in not
allowing more Jewish refugees to emigrate? Think About:
• the views of isolationists in the United States
• some Americans’ prejudices and fears
• the incident on the German luxury liner St. Louis
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Justified: The United States had to protect the national security
and the welfare of its citizens, including job security.
Not justified: The United States was obligated to provide
political asylum for victims of prejudice.
3
The Holocaust
ASSESSMENT
•Why do you think the Nazi system of systematic
genocide was so brutally effective?
ANSWER
There was no effective opposition in Germany to
Hitler’s plan for mass extinction. Nazis propaganda
loudly proclaimed that the Germans were a superior race
destined to rule the world. At the same time they
preached that Jews, Poles and other groups were inferior
races. Hitler used the Jews as scapegoats for Germany’s
problems following World War I. He stripped them of
their rights and then used terror and propaganda to
coerce them into giving up their freedom.
3
The Holocaust
ASSESSMENT
•How might concentration camp doctors and guards have
justified to themselves the death and suffering they
caused other human beings?
ANSWER
They believed that their prisoners were subhuman, thus
they were not actually killing or torturing human beings.
They might claim that they were simply following orders
and had no choice.
THE HOLOCAUST
A. Background
1.
Title: “Away with him”
The long arm of the Ministry of
Education pulls a Jewish teacher
from his classroom.
April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12)
Anti-Semitism had a long
history in many European
countries
2. In 1935 – Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of
their citizenship, jobs and property
– Also in 1935 Jews forced to wear bright yellow
stars to identify themselves
B. KRISTALLNACHT
(NIGHT OF
BROKEN GLASS)
1. On November 910, 1938 Nazis
attacked Jewish
homes,
businesses and
synagogues
across Germany
Hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses
were torched during Kristallnacht
II. HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION
A. The Jewish Question
1. The Final Solution – a
policy of genocide
that involved the
deliberate and
systematic killing of
an entire population
HITLER’S HATRED WENT
BEYOND JEWS
2. Other Groups
•This list included
Gypsies, POWs, Slavs,
Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Africans, Chinese,
homosexuals,
handicapped, mentally ill
Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies
Group
Deaths
•European Jews
5,800,000
•Soviet prisoners of war
3,000,000
•Polish Catholics
3,000,000
•Roma (Gypsies)
250,000
•Germans (political,
religious, and resistance)
80,000
•Germans (handicapped)
70,000
•Homosexuals
12,000
•Jehovah’s Witnesses
2,500
The main entrance of Auschwitz Extermination Camp, with its infamous motto
"Work Makes One Free"
Buchenwald prisoners in nearby woods just before their execution. (1942)
A Nazi
about to
shoot the
last Jew left
alive in
Vinica,
Ukraine.
Jewish women from the Ukraine. Some are holding infants as they are
forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian
collaborators.
A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in
the ravine after the mass execution. (1942)
Over 2 million children were killed during the Holocaust
Children subjected to medical experiments in Auschwitz
A truckload of bodies at Buchenwald concentration camp
At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on
board a death train
Dachau survivors on the day of liberation
JEWISH GHETTOS IN POLAND
B. How?
1. Jews were also
ordered into
ghettos in
various Polish
cities
2. Many of these
Jews were then
transferred to
concentration
camps (labor
camps) deep
within Poland
Dachau, gas
chamber
THE FINAL STAGE
Dachau, gas
chamber
*Selection
*genocide
*death camps
*gas chambers
IMAGES FROM A NIGHTMARE
Some of these images are disturbing
"They came for the Communists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a
Communist.
Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew.
Then they came for the Trade Unionists,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Trade
Unionist.
Then they came for the Catholics,
and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a
Catholic.
Then they came for me,
and there was no one left to speak out for me."
- Pastor Martin Niemoller
“Never shall I
forget those
moments which
murdered my God
and my soul and
turned my dreams
to dust . . . never.”
Elie Wiesel, a camp
survivor
4
America Moves Toward War
ASSESSMENT
•List the key events leading to America’s entry into World
War II. Use the dates below as a guide.
Congress passes
Lend-Lease Act.
Roosevelt and Churchill
draw up the Atlantic Charter.
March 1941
August 1941
September 1940
June 1941
Japan, Germany, and Italy,
sign the Tripartite Pact.
Germany invades Soviet
Union; Roosevelt orders U.S.
Navy to protect lend-lease
shipments.
December 1941
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.
4
America Moves Toward War
ASSESSMENT
•Do you think that the United States should have waited to
be attacked before declaring war? Think About:
• the reputation of the United States
• the influence of isolationists
• the events at of Pearl Harbor
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Waited: An attack by Japan would swing public opinion away from isolationism
and allow Roosevelt to enter the war with the support of the American people.
Not waited: An earlier declaration of war might have prevented the attack on
Pearl Harbor.
4
America Moves Toward War
ASSESSMENT
•What problem would the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor solve for Roosevelt? What new problems would
it create?
ANSWER
The attack would unify public support behind the war
effort, but it would cripple the fleet needed to fight the
war.
4
America Moves Toward War
ASSESSMENT
•Although the U.S. Congress was still unwilling to
declare war early in 1941, Churchill told his war cabinet,
“ We must have patience and trust to the tide which is
flowing our way, and to events.”
What do you think Churchill meant by this remark?
ANSWER
Churchill believed that the United States entry into World
War II was inevitable. The United States was edging closer
and closer to war.
SECTION 4: AMERICA
MOVES TOWARD WAR
America sold weapons to Allied
nations for cash
• In September of 1939
(invasion of Poland),
Roosevelt
persuaded Congress
to pass a “cash &
carry” provision that
allowed nations to
buy U.S. arms and
transport them in
their own ships
• The Axis powers
grew – Germany,
Italy and Japan
U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE
• Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for
national defenses and reinstitute the draft
FDR pushed
for huge
defense
spending
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated
Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential
Election
THE GREAT
ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY
• To support Britain, FDR
established a “Lend-Lease Plan” (1941) which
meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to
nations whose defense was vital to America
• Late in 1941, FDR and
Churchill met secretly
and agreed on a series
of goals for the war
• Among their goals
were collective
security, disarmament,
self-determination,
economic cooperation
and freedom of the
seas
• This “Declaration of
the United Nations”
was signed by 26
nations
THE
ATLANTIC
CHARTER
FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard
the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in
Newfoundland waters
JAPAN ATTACKS
Pearl Harbor
• While tensions with
Germany mounted, Japan
launched an attack on an
American naval base
• Japan had been
expanding in Asia since
the late 1930s
• Early on the morning of
December 7, 1941, Japan
bombed the largest
American naval base –
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=21.345025,-157.975845&spn=0.074027,0.110378&t=h&z=13
USS Arizona Memorial
ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS
1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR
• The surprise raid on Pearl
Harbor by 180 Japanese
planes sank or damaged 21
ships and 300 planes
• The losses constituted more
than the U.S. Navy had
suffered in all of WWI
• The next day, FDR addressed
Congress, “Yesterday,
December 7, 1941, (is) a date
which will live in infamy”
• The United States declared
war on Japan and three days
later Germany and Italy