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31.4 Toward Victory • After their attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese won battle after battle • However, the tide of war turned in 1942 • In the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway Island, American victories stopped the Japanese advance • Successful attacks moved United States forces closer to Japan • By 1944, allied planes were bombing Japanese cities • Still Japan would not surrender • In Europe, Hitler fought to stop an Allied invasion of Germany • The bloody Battle of the Bulge in Belgium was the last real German effort Victory in Europe • Air attacks pounded Germany day and night • Early in 1945, the Soviets moved in from the east, while the other Allied forces closed in from the west • As Soviet troops fought their way into Berlin, Hitler committed suicide • Berlin fell on May 2, 1945 • On May 7, Germany surrendered (V-E Day) The Potsdam Declaration • United States scientists had created an atomic bomb, more powerful than any yet known • President Harry S Truman decided this bomb would bring the quickest end to the war • Truman warned the Japanese, but they would not surrender Manhattan Project • Hanford, Washington & Oak Ridge, Tennessee • July 16, 1945 Trinity Test • Important people – Enrico Fermi, General Leslie Groves, J. Robert Oppenheimer • U.S.S. Indianapolis A Rain of Ruin • On August 6, 1945, a United States plane dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city Hiroshima • Enola Gay – Paul Tibbits – Little Boy • The Soviet Union declared war on Japan • Japan still refused to give up • Three days later, a second bomb exploded over the city of Nagasaki • Niigata was the original target • Bock’s Car – Major Chuck Sweeney – Fat Man VJ Day • On August 10, the Japanese asked for peace, World War II was over • August 14, “Unconditional” surrender of Japanese forces • Sept. 2, Japanese sign the instrument of surrender on board the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Harbor The Atomic Bomb: A Difficult Decision PROBLEM Should U.S. president Truman use the atomic bomb against Japan? REASONS FOR: • It would save American lives • It would bring a quick end to the war • It would show the power of the United States to any future enemies (USSR) REASONS AGAINST: • It would cause massive destruction • Once used, it would be more likely used again • It would release deadly radioactivity DECISION: Truman orders atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki RESULTS: More than 100,000 die Japan Surrenders