Download Ch. 17 World War II Sec. 3

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The U.S. in World War II
Section 1: Mobilizing for Defense
Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa
Section 3: The War in the Pacific
Section 4: The Home Front
Japanese Advances
• Japan dominates the Pacific Theatre and
takes over many Allied territories
– Guam
– Wake Island
– Hong Kong
– Singapore
– Burma
– Indonesia
– Thailand
– Many other places
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/pacificwar/timeline.htm
Siege of the Philippines
• Japan invades the Philippine Islands
• General Douglas MacArthur – commander
of Allied forces in the Pacific
• 80,000 U.S. and Filipino troops battled
Japanese forces
• Troops were fighting in Bataan when
MacArthur was ordered to leave
• MacArthur promised to return and liberate
the Philippines “I shall return!”
Fall of Bataan and the
Bataan Death March
Prisoners on the march from Bataan to the
prison camp, May 1942. (National Archives)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March
• April 1942 the U.S. and
Filipino troops surrendered
• It marked the largest
capitulation in the history
of an American military
command
• 75,000 U.S. and Filipino
troops were marched a
week with little to no food or
water
• Those who fell behind were
killed
• Many atrocities committed
• ¼ are believed not to have
survived the journey
Fall of Corregidor
• Island fortress in Manila
Bay
• Wainwright withdraws
to island to hold out
against the Japanese
• 11,000 troops endured
constant bombardment
• Corregidor surrendered
in May 1942
The island stronghold of Corregidor at
the entrance to Manila Bay has fallen
after a lengthy siege and Japanese
troops lower the American flag.
Doolittle’s Raid
• Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led 16
bomber in the attack on Tokyo on April 18,
1942
• Took off from aircraft carriers in B-25s
• Hit at the heart of Japan
• Improved U.S. morale
• Hurt Japanese morale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle
Lt Col James H. Doolittle, USAAF (front), leader of the raiding force, wires a Japanese medal to a 500-pound
bomb, during ceremonies on the flight deck of USS Hornet (CV-8), shortly before his force of sixteen B-25B
bombers took off for Japan. The planes were launched on April 18, 1942.
Battle of the Coral Sea
• May 1942
• 1st time the ships in
battle did not fire at
each other
• Entire battle fought
in the air
• Stopped Japan from
planned attack of
Australia
View of USS Lexington’s flight deck
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/coralsea/coralsea.htm
Battle of Midway
• June 1942
• 1st major Japanese defeat of the
Navy
• Turning Point of the War
• Admiral Chester Nimitz –
http://www.nimitz-museum.org/nimitzbio.htm
– Commander of the American Naval
Forces in the Pacific
– flag ship the U.S.S. Missouri
• U.S. intercepted Japanese
message and ambushed them
near Midway Island
U.S.S. Yorktown afire after being hit by Japanese bombs
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwiipac/midway/midway.htm
Guadalcanal
• August 1942, U.S. Marines launched the 1st
major Allied land offensive in the Pacific
• Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands was a
strategic location for air support
• Called the ‘Island of Death’ by the Japanese
• Marked Japan’s first defeat on land
• It kept Japan from being able to hit Allied
shipping lanes and Allied held islands
• Concluded in February 1943
Cairo Conference and Declaration
• Nov. 1943
• Meeting between Churchill, FDR, and
Chiang Kai-Shek of China
• Agree to terms of war concerning Japan
– Unconditional Surrender
– Deprive Japan of all territory acquired since
1914
– Return all land to China
– Korea would be free and independent
U.S. Strategy in the Pacific
• Leapfrogging
• U.S. would jump from island to island,
missing the more fortified ones, as they
moved closer and closer to Japan
Yalta Conference
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Feb. 1945
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin (Big Three)
Met at Yalta – Southern Crimea Peninsula on the Black Sea
Discuss Postwar Issues
At this time the outcome in Europe was predictable, but the war
in the Pacific was very questionable
Yalta Agreement
• Stalin agrees to enter the war against Japan 3
months after German surrender in return for land
in the Far East
• For the Eastern half of Poland, Stalin agreed to
free elections in Eastern Europe
• Germany would be divided into 4 occupation
zones
• Berlin would also be divided
• France and China would sponsor the conference
to found the United Nations
Battle of Leyte Gulf
• MacArthur returns to the Philippines in Oct. 1944
with 178,000 troops and 738 ships
• Japanese begin to use Kamikaze Pilots in this
battle
• Kamikaze – Suicide plane
• 424 Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and
damaged 80
• Battle a total disaster for the Japanese in that
they lost most of their navy and would not be
much of a threat for the rest of the war
Iwo Jima
• Feb. 1945
• U.S. needed Iwo Jima in order
to launch heavily loaded bombers at
Japan
• Heavily defended by the Japanese
– 20,700 Japanese troops entrenched
• U.S. attacked with 70,000 Marines
• U.S. death toll – 6,000 Marines
• Japanese death toll – 20,500
http://www.iwojima.com/raising/raisingb.htm
– (Only 200 survive)
• Iwo Jima famous for the picture of U.S. troops
raising the Flag on top of Mt. Suribachi
Okinawa
• April 1945
• Marines attack and 1,900 Kamikaze pilots sink
30 ships, and damage more than 300
• Once on shore the battle would last until June
21, 1945
• U.S. Causalities
– 5,000 Seamen
– 7,600 Troops
• Japanese Causalities
– 110,000 Troops
• Showed the U.S. how terrible an invasion of the
main islands of Japan would be
Manhattan Project
Click for Manhattan Project Site: http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/index.htm
• Project to develop an atomic bomb
• J. Robert Oppenheimer – Project Director
• 600,000 Americans were involved in the
project, but did not know its purpose
• Very ‘Top Secret’
• Project had started when Albert Einstein
had sent a letter to Roosevelt warning him
of German scientist attempts at splitting
atoms
Using the Atomic Bomb
• As the war still rages in the Pacific,
experts predict that an invasion of Japan
would result in 1,000,000 U.S. lives and
many more Japanese lives
• A proposal to use this new destructive
weapon is considered by Truman
• Truman did not know about the Manhattan
Project until after he became President
Atomic Bombs
• Little Boy – Uranium 235 Core
• Fat Man 1 – Plutonium Core (not sure it
will work)
• Fat Man 2 – Created to Test
The actual Little Boy
bomb ready to be loaded
aboard the Enola Gay.
The actual Fat Man bomb on Tinian.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Photos/LBFM/index.shtml
See Video @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_test
Testing the Fat Man
• July 1945
• Alamogordo, New Mexico
• Fat Man was detonated on a platform
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Trinity.html
Trinity test site a few weeks
after detonation.
Assembly of Fat Man on platform
Dropping the Bomb
• The U.S. warned the
Japanese that if they didn’t
surrender a destructive force
would strike
• Official Reason – It would save
more lives in the long run
• Enola Gay – B29 Bomber
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola_Gay
– Pilot Colonel Tibbets
• Dropped the Little Boy on
Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
Check out Hiroshima site: http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/e/peace.html
http://www.enolagay.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
Hiroshima
• Before
• After
http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm
http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/kids/KPSH_E/frame/hirotop11.html
Japan Doesn’t Surrender
• Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki on August 9,
1945
• Real Reason for dropping the atomic bombs
may have something to do the Soviet Union
• Agreements made at the Yalta Conference
• May 8, 1945 V-E Day
• August 6, 1945 1st Bomb dropped
• Why would the U.S. want to prevent Soviet
participation in the Pacific?
• What could we have done instead of dropping
the bombs?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
Nagasaki
Before and After
Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocentre, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki.
Japan Surrenders
• September 2, 1945
• Surrender signed aboard the U.S.S. Missouri
• MacArthur and Nimitz present
Occupation of Japan
• U.S. occupied Japan for seven years
• General MacArthur commander
• General Tojo and others were tried for war
crimes and executed
• Japan’s economy was reshaped using freemarket practices
• New Constitution Instituted
– Women suffrage
– Guaranteed basic freedoms
– Forever denounce war
Casualty Map
Each symbol indicates 100,000
dead in the appropriate theater
of operations
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/ww2-loss.htm
Casualty Map
Each symbol indicates 100,000
dead in the appropriate theater
of operations
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/ww2-loss.htm
United Nations
http://www.un.org/english/
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General Assembly
Security Council
Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice
Trusteeship Council
Secretariat
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/un.htm
General Assembly
• Policy Making Body of the U.N.
• All member nations belong
• All member nations have 1 vote each
Security Council
• Settles Diplomatic, Political, and Military
Disputes
• 5 permanent members
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U.S.
United Kingdom
Russia
France
China
• 11 members total (other 6 serve 2 year terms)
Other Bodies of U.N.
• Economic and Social Council
– 18 members
– Deals with human welfare and fundamental rights and freedoms
– Has many groups including UNICF and the World Bank
• International Court of Justice
– 15 Judges
– Deal with questions and disputes of International Law
• Trusteeship Council
– Promotes welfare of people in colonial territories and help them toward
self-government
• Secretariat
– Deal with the day-to-day organizational and administrative concerns
Organizational Chart of U.N. http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf