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Chapter 26 – World War II Section 1 – Road to War The Rise of Dictators • In the years before WWII, Europe was still struggling from the effects of WWI. • As a result, several dictators were able to rise to power throughout our world. • This section focuses on the rise of dictators in the following countries: - Germany - Soviet Union - Italy - Japan Germany • In the 1930’s, millions of Germans had lost their jobs because of a worldwide Great Depression. • Germany was also still having to pay WWI reparations under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. • A man named Adolf Hitler gave great speeches and promised to help restore German pride. Mein Kampf – “My Struggle” • Hitler set forth his views on Germany in his famous book – Mein Kampf. • In this book, he lays out his ideas for restoring German pride and his anti-semitic views against the Jews. Hitler and the Nazi Party • In 1921, Hitler became chairman of the Nazi party – also called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. • Hitler became chancellor, or leader, of Germany in 1933. Hitler and Totalitarianism • Once he became leader of Germany, Hitler ended all forms of democracy. • The Nazi Party became the only political party in Germany. • Hitler then claimed that Germany had the right to expand its territories – because of what Germany had lost after WWI – first invasion: Rhineland. • Hitler formed an alliance with Italy in 1936. Italy • In the 1930’s, the Italians were suffering as well. • The people of Italy believed they had not gained enough after WWI, and did not receive as much as Great Britain. • A man named Benito Mussolini became popular because he appealed to the resentment that many Italians felt. He also gave great speeches like Hitler. Mussolini and the Fascist Party • Mussolini was known as Il Duce, the leader. • By 1922, Mussolini set up the Fascist Party. • By the 1930’s, the Fascist Party had gained widespread popularity and Mussolini was able to take control of Italy away from the King. Mussolini and Totalitarianism • Once he became leader of Italy, Mussolini ended all forms of democracy. • The Fascist Party became the only political party in Italy. • Mussolini built up Italy’s military and promised to recapture the glory of the ancient Romans by expanding the Italian empire – first invasion: North Africa. • Mussolini formed an alliance with Germany in 1936. Soviet Union (Russia) • During WWI, the Russians got out of the war by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. • The reason they left the war was because communism was taking over in Russia. • Russia became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R – also known as the Soviet Union). - A man named Joseph Stalin became the popular leader of the communists. Stalin and the Communist Party • By the 1920’s, Joseph Stalin was officially declared the leader of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. • He set up a communist type of economy in the Soviet Union. Stalin and Totalitarianism • Once he became leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin demanded complete obedience from the people he ruled. • He executed all his enemies. • He sent millions of Russians to labor camps. • He also forced millions of people to move to government-owned farms where they would be forced to work slave labor. What about Japan? • Japan was also suffering during the worldwide Great Depression. • Military leaders promised help and rose to power in the early 1930’s. • Most of these leaders were more powerful than the Japanese emperor – Emperor Hirohito. - The military leaders focused on expanding Japanese power in Asia – first invasion: Manchuria and, later, all of China. What about the United States? • During the 1930’s, the United States was more concerned about the Great Depression and their own economic troubles. • Most Americans did not want to be involved with other countries and were not concerned about the rise of dictators all throughout the world. • In fact, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts between 1935-1937. • These laws banned the sale of weapons to any nation that was at war.