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Transcript
RISE OF DICTATORS Benito Mussolini • Became the dictator of Italy – Becomes known as Il Duce or “the leader” • In 1919 he founded the National Fascist Party – Fascism = an authoritarian form of gov’t that places the good of the nation above all else, including individual rights – Push extreme nationalism and love for the state – Envisioned an aggressive state ruled by a strong allpowerful leader, tended to glorify violence • In 1922 Fascists became a major force in the Italian parliament – Mussolini organized his followers, called the Brown Shirts, and led the March on Rome – The King of Italy made Mussolini prime minister • Mussolini than started to consolidate power by terrorizing opposition and shooting their leaders • He soon gained control of the press and outlawed all other political parties • Mussolini did make an agreement with the Catholic Church, called the Lateran Pact – Established Vatican City as an independent state and in return the pope officially recognized Italy • Mussolini wanted to build a glorious Italian empire just like in Roman times Joseph Stalin • Became the dictator of the Soviet Union – Used other leading members of the Communist party to outmaneuver the frontrunner after Lenin died – Once he achieved this goal, he then either exiled or killed the people he used – Turns himself into a living god of Communism • Introduced Five-Year Plans – Each factory and mine had production goals set by the state – Led to increases in industrial output, but not for consumer goods • Collectivization = combine private farms into larger, mechanized state-run farms – Peasants, who received land under Lenin, lost their lands and then are forced to work on these collective farms – Peasants who protested were either executed by Stalin’s police forces or sent to the system of labor camps in Siberia called the Gulag – People in the Ukraine resisted and Stalin allowed millions to starve to death in retaliation • Stalin killed millions of people he thought were or could plot against him – In the late 1930s he wiped out most of the military officer corps – In 1936 he launched a series of show trials, in which people were tortured until they confessed to what Stalin wanted them to say • He used this to wipe out the Old Bolsheviks, people who had been in the party prior to 1917 • Ten million people were arrested, several million were immediately executed, others sent to the Gulag – Also tried to wipe out the middle class • Stalin ruled with an iron fist and ruthlessly removed all opposition, real or imaginary Adolf Hitler • Became the dictator of Germany – Born in Austria, failed artist, fought for Germany in WWI • After the war he joined the National Socialist Party, or Nazi for short – Tries to seize power in the Beer Hall Putsch – Fails and Hitler goes to jail, where he writes Mein Kampf or “my struggle” – It outlines his major political ideas and goals • Decided to reinvent the Nazis as a political party and use the existing political structure – Creates the S.A., the Nazi army, which went around intimidating opponents and causing violence – Hitler promised to fix the economic problems and to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and bring glory back to Germany since Germans were the master race – By 1933 the Nazi party gained the majority of seats in the German parliament and Hitler was named Chancellor • Once in power, Hitler passed a series of acts that gave him almost total authority – Banned all political parties except the Nazis and trade unions as well – Hitler now had to appease the only threat left, the German army • The army didn’t like the power of the S.A. • 1934 the “Night of the Long Knives” = Hitler has the leaders of the S.A. murdered • Following this attack, the German army pledges their complete loyalty to Hitler • Hitler becomes a totalitarian ruler, taking the title of Fuhrer – He was glorified as a great ruler and used propaganda to control the German people – Created Nazi youth organizations brainwash young Germans – Began to rebuild the German army and economy – Also put his anti-Semitic beliefs into action, which led to the Holocaust and millions dying Hideki Tojo • Became the dictator of Japan • Many Japanese lost faith in their gov’t during the Great Depression and turned to the military for leadership – The military began to promote the fighting spirit of Japanese troops – Put military personnel in public schools, children began to learn aspects of warfare • 1930s Japanese soldiers and military leaders carried out a series of assassinations of gov’t officials – The gov’t grew more dominated by the military Francisco Franco • Became the dictator of Spain • In the 1930s the Spanish Civil War broke out – One side was the Nationalists, a fascist-like group, led by General Franco – They fought against the Republicans, who were trying to save the democracy – Italy and Germany helped out Franco by testing their new weapons on towns that did not support him – France and Great Britain refused to help the democracy, so it ended up getting help from the Soviet Union • Franco wins and sets up a dictatorship in Spain