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Computer Age Past, Present, and Future Generations of Computer The First generation The Second Generation The Third Generation The Fourth Generation The Fifth Generation The First Generation 1951-1958 Magnetic core memory Vacuum Tube Storage Heat Burnout Punched cards Tape (1957) Machine language Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers Computers big and clumsy Electricity consumption is high Electric failure occurred regularly - computers not very reliable Large air conditioners was necessary because the computers generated heat Batch processing The First Generation 1952, EDVAC- Electronic Discreet Variable Computer John Von Neumann, designed with a central control unit which would calculate and output all mathematical and logical problems and a memory which could be written to and read. (RAM in modern terms) which would store programs and data. The First Generation 1953, IBM 701 The 701 was formally announced on May 21, 1952. It was the unit of the overall 701 Data Processing System in which actual calculations were performed. That activity involved 274 assemblies executing all the system's computing and control functions by means of electronic pulses emitted at speeds ranging up to one million a second. 1953, The Whirlwind Whirlwind was a large scale, general purpose digital computer begun at the Servomechanisms Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946. The Second Generation 1959-1964 Transistor Smaller No warm-up time Less energy Less heat Faster More reliable Storage Removable disk pack (1954) Magnetic tape Programming languages Assembly language FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959) The Second Generation Computers became smaller Generate less heat Electricity consumption lower More reliable and faster Core memory developed Magnetic tapes and disks used First operating systems developed A new processing method was needed. Time-sharing (processing technique) The Second Generation • 1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8 – Digital introduces the first successful minicomputer – the PDP-8. It was about as large as a fridge and used transistors and magnetic core memory. • 1964 Real-time reservation system IBM developed a real-time computerised ticket reservation system for American Airways. – It was smaller than SAGE and was called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Related Environment). Business- The Second Generation 1964, IBM’s System 360 It consisted of 6 processors and 40 peripheral units. More than 100 computers per month were ordered. 1964, BASIC (programming language) A programming language was necessary that could be used in a time-sharing environment and that could serve as a training language. The Third Generation 1965-1970 Integrated Circuit Electronic circuit on small silicon chip Reliability Compactness Low cost Inexpensive – massproduced 1. Computers smaller, faster and more reliable 2. Power consumption lower 3. High-level languages appeared The Third Generation 1968, Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics). They developed more sophisticated memory chips. 1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a microchip. The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first 1Kb RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the disappearance of Magnetic Core Memory that was used since the mid 1950's. 1969, IBM System/370 replaced their System/360 with the System/370 that only used integrated circuits. The Fourth Generation 1971-Present Microprocessor General-purpose processor on a chip Explosive growth Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers Cars Copy machines Television sets Integrated circuits, smaller and faster Micro computer series such as IBM and APPLE developed Portable computers developed Great development in data communication Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity and fast access developed The Fourth Generation 1977. Apple II Wozniak and Jobs 1978 Intel’s 8086 processor that con- released the Apple II. It was cheap, tained had 16 Kb RAM and was ideal for segmented memory addressing. – playing video games. 16-bit and used All x86 processors had to be compatible It was sold with a keyboard, a power registers with the set of supply and included 8 slots for instructions, first used in this peripherals. It could therefore be processor. used with a wider variety of peripherals and programs. 1979, Motorola’s 68000 processor which was used in the Apple Lisa and Macintosh computers. th 4 Generation 1983, Apple’s Lisa Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands. The Lisa was the first commercial computer to use a Graphical User Interface (GUI) 1983, IBM announced the PC XT (eXtended Technology). Memory was expanded to 640 Kb and it featured: 4,77 MHz processor speed Double floppy disks MS DOS version 3.3 Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives available. 1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system) Microsoft released Windows 3.0. The Fifth Generation Mid 1990’s Applications for 5th Gen computers Intelligent computers Artificial intelligence Expert systems Natural language Intelligent robots that could ‘see’ their environment (visual input - e.g. a video camera) and could be programmed to carry out certain tasks and should be able to decide for itself how the task should be accomplished, based on the observations it made of its environment. Intelligent systems that could control the route of a missile and defence-systems that could fend off attacks. Word processors that could be controlled by means of speech recognition. Programs that could translate documents from one language to another. th 5 Generation Some technological developments that could make the development of fifth-generation computers possible, include: Parallel-processing - many processors are grouped to function as one large group processor. Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductor through which electricity can travel without any resistance resulting in faster transfer of information between the components of a computer. Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis by following the logical steps of problem solving just as if the doctor would have done it himself. Speech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictation and entering the text into a word processor, are already available. The Fifth Generation AI – Artificial Intelligence How computers can be used for tasks that required human characteristics The Fifth Generation Expert Systems :Software used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic Natural Language : Humans communicate with computers in the language they use on a daily basis Robotics :Computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings VR – Virtual Reality: Engage a user in a computer-created environment User physically interacts with computer-created environment The END