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Why Study Robots now?
MIT Kismet
Honda Asimo
2003
Sojourner 1996
NavLab (CMU)
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Moore’s Law - Computers and Brains
AI
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Figure from ROBOT, Moravec, Oxford, 1998, Chapter 3: Power and Presence, page 68
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Why learn to program with Robots ?
1. Robots are becoming commercially viable – need developers
2. Serious promise of Artificial Intelligence – needs researchers
3. Fundamental aspects :
1. Good vehicle for teaching programming …
2. Important analogy of each living being … the Self
3. Important analogy of societies … Communication
N.B. we are thinking of Autonomous Robots
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Human Robot
Human
Group Robot
Group
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Human Qualities
Affective
Cognitive
Thinking
Feeling
s
Knowin
g
Emotions
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Psychomotoric
Acting
Behavin
g
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Behaviour Modules
Collision
Idea is to split overal desired
behaviour into a number of
“modules” of program code
which can run independently.
SearchLight
These may be arranged to
have priorities
Wander
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Rod Brookes + Cogs
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Combining Behaviours
Subsumption (Brookes)
bumper
eyes
Collide
s
Searchlight
Wander
Behaviour Modules
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s
s
Motors
Combine by subsumption
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DARPA ALV
(Autonomous Land Vehicle)
Internalized
Plans
Behaviour 3
Behaviour 2
Behaviour 1
sensors
s
s
s
Motors
There IS a global map !
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Braitenberg (1984), Vehicles: Experiments in
Synthetic Psychology, MIT Press.
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Braitenberg Vehicles
Wander
lamp
Braitenberg
Collide
LM
CPU
SearchLight
RM
Choice of Behaviour
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Java Behaviour Routines
public void wander() {
forever {
wander_flag = true;
wanderOpL = 10;
wanderOpR = 10;
muMonDefer();
}
}
lamp
Braitenberg
LM
eyeLF
eyeRF
RM
public void searchlight() {
forever {
if(eyeLF > eyeRF) {
searchlight_flag = true;
searchlightOpR = ??;
searchlightOpL = ??;
muMonSleep(100);
searchlight_flag
= false;
Behaviour Routines
}
if(eyeLF > 0) {
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Two motors Two Dimensions
If the connections are not
crossed, then it turns away
from excitation – coward
Ipsilateral excitation
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Uncrossed inhibitory
connections (note the –sign)
give ipsilateral inhibition:
Turns towards the light and
slows down as it gets close
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Brood Sorting
The Emergence of Intelligence
robot
puck
Martijn Schut http://www.cs.vu.nl/~zos
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Problem is to get one
(or more) autonomous
robots to clear the junk
into heaps …
• How to do the programming ?
• Imagine doing the clearing up yourself !
Program the Robots explicitly to
• find an object
• take an object
• go back to cluster
• find a cluster
• drop an object
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Alternative
Program the robots to avoid things
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Conclusions :
• Behaviour Emerges !
• Intelligence in the Indivudal or Group ?
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• Messor Sancta ants
• 1,500 corpses
• 26 hours
• Put dead ants into graveyards by walking around
bumping into them
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• Football as benchmark for AI advances
• Worldwide competitions since 1997
• Current Leagues
SmallSize
Simulation
MidSize
Sony Dog
Humanoide
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