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Four Big Ideas • Big Idea 1: the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. • Big Idea 2: biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. • Big Idea 3: living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processess. • Big Idea 4: biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization • Atoms • Simple Molecules • Macro-molecules • Organelle • Cells • Tissues • • • • • • • Organ Organ System Organism Populations Community Ecosystems Biosphere Structure and Function • Correlation of structure and function – Example • Leaf of a plant – The thin, flat shape maximizes the capture of sunlight by chloroplast. Structure and Function • Knowing the function of something provides insight into its structure and organization. – Example: Hummingbird’s body • the unusual bone structure of a hummingbird’s wing allows the bird to rotate its wings in all directions, – Enabling it to fly backwards and to hover while it feeds. The Cell • An organism’s basic unit of structure and function. • The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all required activities of life. Properties of Life • • • • • • • Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy utilization Response to the environment Homeostasis Evolutionary adaptation Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Infomation • DNA Structure and Function – – – – Double helix, monomers of nucleotides 4 bases: A, C, G, T Genes Chromosomes Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of Life • • • • • • • • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Three Domains of Life • Domain Bacteria – Prokaryotes, multiple kingdoms Three Domains of Life • Domain Archaea – Prokaryotes, multiple kingdoms, – Live in extreme environments • Salty lakes, boiling hot springs, swamps, sewage Three Domains of Life • Domain Eukarya – Eukaryotes, – Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia Evolution • Descent with modification – Species have risen from succession of ancestors that differed from them. • Natural Selection – Mechanism of evolution • Individuals have variation in their traits. • Populations produce far more offspring than can survive to produce offspring of their own. – Creates Competition • Species are generally suited to their environment. Biological Inquiry Forming & Testing Hypotheses based on observations • Making Observations – Careful and verifiable observation and analysis of data are the basis of scientific inquiry. – Involve ours senses and tools that extend our senses. – Data, both quantitative and qualitative, are recorded observations. – Using inductive reasoning, generalizations can often be drawn from collections of observations. Biological Inquiry Forming & Testing Hypotheses based on observations • Forming and Testing Hypotheses – Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question or an explanation of observations, • It leads to predictions that can be tested. – Deductive reasoning uses “if….then” logic to proceed from the general to the specific. • From a general hypothesis to specific predictions of results if the general premise is correct. Experimental Control • Controlled experiment – Compare an experimental group with a control group. – They differ only in one factor. – Without the control group, the researches would not be able to rule out other factors as causes of the affect seen in the experiment. Biological Inquiry Forming & Testing Hypotheses based on observations – In science, the ideal is to frame two or more alternative hypotheses and design experiments to test each candidate explanation. – A hypothesis cannot be proven true; the more attempts to falsify it that fail, however, the more a hypothesis gains credibility. • Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena; it does not address questions of the supernatural. Biological Inquiry Forming & Testing Hypotheses based on observations • Theories in Science – A theory is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates many specific hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence. – A theory can be modified or even rejected when results and new evidence no longer support it.