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BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY* II. Prof. G. G. Hammes Dr. S. R. Miller RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND PRELIMINARY STUDIES This project is concerned with the elucidation of the mechanism of physiologically Very fast reactions important reactions, primarily through the use of kinetic methods. involving purified enzymes and simpler model systems will be investigated with the use of several different techniques. A stopped-flow apparatus1 permits the study of reactions occurring in times as fast This method simply involves rapid mixing of the reactants in a spe- as milliseconds. cially designed chamber and observation of the mixed solution after the flow has been The reaction progress is followed through changes either in optical stopped suddenly. absorption or optical rotation. Reactions occurring developed recently in even relaxation times shorter techniques.2,3 by utilizing will be investigated principle The of these methods to disturb chemical equilibria by rapidly changing some external parameter pressure) temperature, librium. A and studying the apparatus, temperature-jump reaction mixture 8°C in approximately 5 jump is perature then tronic and rotation accessible ultrasonic as a rapidly by charging through the has a reaction to 30,000 mixture. Changes and with photomultipliers are followed of a This tem- been constructed. condenser equi- volts and in optical associated elec- equipment. The wave equilibria. at frequencies given time scale extended can be attenuation in equilibrium reaction pressure chemical a it discharging absorption accomplished the temperature which raises sec, of re-establishment subsequent is (e. g., in aqueous result The that are related solution, is in the a to -9 mixtures. and thus occurrence known 10 sec by measurement The perturbs ultrasonic wave acts pressure-dependent of maxima way to the of formal in the rate attenuation constants of mechanism. These techniques will permit the study of elementary steps in chemical reactions, and thus provide some details of the molecular mechanism. Also, rates of fast con- formational changes in macromolecules can be measured and related to chemical processes. Preliminary experiments have already been carried out and the results will be presented in a future report. G. G. Hammes This project is RG-7803). supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (Grant (II. BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) References 1. B. Chance and V. Legallais, Discussions Faraday Soc. 2. M. Eigen, Z. Elektrochem. 64, 115 (1960). 3. L. De Maeyer, Z. Elektrochem. 64, 65 (1960). 17, 125 (1954).