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The morphology and kinematics of
planetary nebulae:
a tribute to Hugo Schwarz
Romano L.M. Corradi
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
My story with Hugo, and our story with PNe, started on 1991
at ESO Chile…
1. Catalogue of CCD narrowband images of PNe and morphological classification
2. Studies of the kinematic properties of bipolar PNe
3. Search and study of nebulae around symbiotic stars
1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe…
The first extensive CCD surveys had appeared:
Jewitt et al 1986 ApJ 302, 727
44 PNe (“haloes”)
Chu et al. 1987 ApJS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells)
Balick 1987 AJ 94, 671
51 PNe and a morphological sequence
(round  elliptical  butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar
Winds theory
Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, 23
255 PNe
1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe…
The first extensive CCD morphological studies had appeared:
Jewitt et al 1986 ApJ 302, 727
44 PNe (haloes)
Chu et al. 1987 ApJS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells)
Balick 1987 AJ 94, 671
51 PNe and a morphological sequence
(round  elliptical  butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar
Winds theory
Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, 23
255 PNe
1) … its morphological classification…
Schwarz, Corradi & Stanghellini 1992 IAU Symp. 155, p. 214
1) .. and the study of the statistical properties of the
morphological classes of PNe
Stanghellini, Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 276, 463
Schwarz & Corradi 1995 APN1
Corradi & Schwarz 1995 A&A 293, 871
Bipolar PNe belong to a younger Galactic stellar population than elliptical
and round PNe, i.e. have more massive progenitors:
• smaller scale height on the Galactic plane;
• more ordered Galactic kinematics;
• hotter central stars;
• He and N overabundances;
•…
Corradi APN2 discusses why the characteristic above is not necessarily a
decisive constraint for the physical mechanisms shaping collimated PNe
2) Studies of the kinematics of bipolar PNe
Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37
Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 268, 714; … 269, 462; … 273, 247; …278, 247
Aspin et al. 1993 A&A 278, 255
Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267
NGC 6537
Streamlines are radial and gas is expanding in a ballistic way: self-similar expansion
in a Hubble-like flow (V ∝ r). Shaping occurs in the early evolution, and an asymptotic
shape (self-similar regime) is quickly reached
Corradi APN3
2) Point-symmetry  Precession?
Schwarz 1993, in 2nd ESO/CTIO Workshop on “Mass loss on the AGB and
beyond”, La Serena, Chile, 21-24 Jan 1992. Edited by H.E. Schwarz, ESO 1993
2) A special case and a beauty: M 2-9
Today’s Astronomy
Picture of the Day!
2) … the dusty dentist’s mirrors of M 2-9…
Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267
Nature and expansion parallax of its dusty outermost knots
VN = Vexp+ Vexp sin i
VS = Vexp- Vexp sin i
2) … and its “light house”
Monitoring since the end of the 80’s, mainly at ESO first and
then at the Nordic Optical Telescope when Hugo moved to La
Palma on 1995
2) … and its “light house”
N2
N1
S1
S2
For the same longitude, the “illuminating” beam excites N2
and S2 about 2 yr later than N1 and S1, which corresponds
to a travelling speed of ~5000 km/s  particle beam=jet?
Doyle et al. 2000 AJ 119, 339
Prot=90-130 yr
Corradi et al. in preparation
3) Symbiotic stars can do it
R Aqr nebula known since 1921 (Lampland 1923 PAAS 4, 319), but the
concept that a large fraction of symbiotic Miras have (collimated) nebulae very
similar to PNe, which illustrate the potential importance of binary interactions
for the shaping of PNe, started growing from the moment that Hugo discovered
the Southern Crab and other symbiotic nebulae.
Schwarz Aspin & Lutz 1989 ApJ 344 L29
Corradi et al. 2001 ApJ 553 221
AS 201
Schwarz 1991 A&A 243, 469
V417 Cen
van Winckel et al. 1994 A&A 285, 241
BI Cru
HM Sge
Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37
Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 715, 725
V1016 Cyg
CH Cyg
Corradi et al. 1999 A&A 348, 978