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Module 03
Psychology’s Statistics
Module Overview
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Frequency Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variation
Normal Distribution
Comparative Statistics
Correlation Coefficient
Statistical Inference
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Psychology’s Statistics
Statistics
• Are a means to make
data more meaningful
• Provide a method of
organizing information
so that it can be
understood
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Frequency Distributions
Sample Experiment
Frequency Distribution
• A list of scores placed in order from
highest to lowest.
Bar Graphs
• Used to present data from frequency
distributions
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Central
Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
• Statistical methods for finding the center
of a distribution
• Three methods:
– Mode
– Mean
– Median
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Central
Tendency:
Mode
Mode
• The most frequently occurring score
or scores in a distribution.
• Most useful in circumstances where the
data can be placed into distinct groups
Mode
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Central
Tendency:
Mean
Mean
• The arithmetic average of a distribution,
• obtained by adding the scores and then
dividing by the number of scores.
• Usually the measure of central tendency of
choice
Mean
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Central
Tendency:
Median
Median
• The middle score in a ranked
distribution;
• half of the scores are above it,
• half are below it.
Median
Skewed
• Distorted; not evenly distributed around
the mean.
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Variation
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Variation:
Range
Range
• The difference between the highest and
the lowest scores in a distribution.
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Measures of Variation:
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
• A computed measure of how much
scores vary around the mean score of
a distribution.
• The higher the standard deviation, the
more the more spread out the scores are
Standard Deviation Calculation
• Calculate the mean of the data.
• Determine how far each score deviates
from the average.
• Square the deviation scores and add
them together.
• Take the square root of the average of
the squared deviation scores.
Standard Deviation Calculation
Standard Deviation Calculation
Standard Deviation Calculation
Standard Deviation Calculation
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
• A frequency distribution that is shaped
like a symmetrical bell.
• Most scores fall near the mean, with fewer
and fewer scores at the extreme.
• The mean, median, and mode are all the
same (the highest point of the curve) in a
normal distribution.
Normal Distribution
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Comparative Statistics
Percentage
• A comparative statistic that compares a
score to a perfect score of 100 points.
Percentile Rank
• A comparative statistic that compares
a score to other scores in an
imaginary group of 100 individuals.
• The percentile rank indicates how many
of the hundred scores are at or below a
particular score.
Calculating Percentage Scores and
Percentile Ranks
Calculating Percentage Scores and
Percentile Ranks
Calculating Percentage Scores and
Percentile Ranks
Calculating Percentage Scores and
Percentile Ranks
Calculating Percentage Scores and
Percentile Ranks
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Coefficient
• A statistical measure of the strength of
the relationship between two variables.
• Extent to which two things vary together
Positive Correlation
• As the value of one variable increases
(or decreases), the value of the other
variable increases (or decreases).
• A perfect positive correlation is +1.0.
• The closer the correlation is to +1.0 the
stronger the relationship.
Negative Correlation
• As the value of one variable increases,
the value of the other variable decreases.
• A perfect negative correlation if -1.0.
• The closer the correlation is to -1.0 the
stronger the relationship.
Zero Correlation
• There is no relationship whatsoever
between the two variables.
Zero Correlation
Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics
Statistical Inference
Inferential Statistics
• Statistics that can be used to make a
decision or reach a conclusion about
data.
Statistical Significance
• A statistical statement of how likely it
is that a result occurred by chance
alone.
Significance Difference
The End
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Teacher Information
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• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
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• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
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Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
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