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Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Minerals are inorganic, solid materials found in nature. – Inorganic means not formed by plants or animals. They have no carbon. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Rocks are made of two or more minerals. – Each mineral has unique characteristics that will identify it. – More than 4000 minerals have been identified. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • How do minerals form? 1. From melted rock material inside the Earth called magma. 1. Magma at the Earth’s surface is called lava. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels 2. Evaporation can form minerals. – Example of salt crystals appearing when seawater evaporates. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels 3. Precipitation can also form minerals. • Water can only hold so much dissolved material. – Any extra separates and falls out as a solid. Making Rock Candy • Table sugar magnified 100 times. • Rock candy crystals magnified 250. • Pair-Share – Why are the shapes similar? • 5 minutes Common Minerals • Remember there are over 4000 minerals. • Rocks that make up huge mountain ranges are made up of minerals. – These are called rock forming minerals Common Minerals • Most of the rockforming minerals are silicates. – Silicates contain silicon and oxygen. • SiO2 Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Gems are minerals that are rare and when cut and polished gives them a beautiful appearance. • Video: Gemstones 1:49 Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Diamonds: Are formed under special conditions. – A form of carbon. –Created under high pressure deep in Earth’s mantle. –Volcanic eruption can bring the diamonds close to Earth’s surface. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels •Ores: A mineral that contains enough useful substance that it can be sold for a profit. – Ores are extracted by mining. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • • • • • • Aluminum, copper, Tungsten, iron, lead, Manganese, Nickel, Zinc, Chromium, Antimony, molybdenum, Silver Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Ore Processing: After an ore is mined, it must be processed to extract the desired mineral. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Ore Processing: 1. Smelting: Melts the ore and removes most of the unwanted materials. 2. Refining: Further purifies the desired mineral even more. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • North Carolina ranks first in the east in the mining of gemstones. – Tourists search for emeralds, rubies, sapphires, garnets, and other gemstones. – The largest emerald found in North America came from NC. Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • NC leads the nation in the production of many minerals. • NC was once a major gold producing state. Rock Candy • • Observe the various containers of rock candy. Note that some strings show a greater amount of crystallization than others. – Answer the question as to why this might be. • Give 3 possibilities – Pair Share 10 minutes Minerals-Earth’s Jewels • Section Review: 1. What is a mineral? • Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite composition and orderly atomic arrangement. Section Review • What is a rock? – Usually composed of two or more minerals. Section Review • Name five common rock forming minerals. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Quartz Feldspar Calcite Gypsum Halite Section Review • Name five properties that are commonly used to identify minerals. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Color Luster Streak Hardness Cleavage Magnetism Section Review • What event must occur for a diamond to reach Earth’s surface? –Volcanic eruption Section Review • Where are diamonds formed? –Deep within the Earth’s mantle under high pressure. Section Review • How do you extract ores from the Earth? • Mining Section Review • When is a mineral considered an ore? • When the mineral can undergo expensive mining and refinement and still yield a profit.